Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of participants (n = 814)
| Variable | Total N | Strata n (%) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 814 | Urban 431 (52.9) |
Rural 383 (47.1) |
||
| Age (years) (mean±s.d.) | 71.7±5.7 | 71.2±5.4 | 72.4±6.1 | 0.003**+ |
| Ethnicity | <0.001***# | |||
| Malay | 477 | 151 (35.0) | 326 (85.1) | |
| Chinese | 298 | 244 (56.6) | 54 (14.1) | |
| Indian | 39 | 36 (8.4) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Marital Status | <0.001***# | |||
| Married | 387 | 229 (53.1) | 158 (41.3) | |
| Unmarried/Widowed/Divorced | 427 | 202 (46.9) | 225 (58.7) | |
| Years of Education | <0.001***# | |||
| ≤ 6 years | 665 | 316 (73.3) | 349 (91.1) | |
| > 6 years | 149 | 115 (26.7) | 34 (8.9) | |
| Smoking Habit | 0.230# | |||
| Smoker | 17 | 7 (1.6) | 10 (2.6) | |
| Non/Past Smoker | 797 | 424 (98.4) | 373 (97.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean±s.d.) | 25.1±4.7 | 25.3±4.5 | 24.9±4.9 | 0.198+ |
| Multimorbidity | 0.320 | |||
| < 2 chronic diseases | 474 | 258 (59.9) | 216 (56.4) | |
| ≥ 2 chronic diseases | 340 | 173 (40.1) | 167 (43.6) | |
| Urinary Incontinence | 0.008*# | |||
| No | 657 | 362 (84.0) | 295 (77.0) | |
| Yes | 157 | 69 (16.0) | 88 (23.0) | |
| History of Falls | 0.125# | |||
| No | 661 | 359 (83.3) | 302 (78.9) | |
| Yes | 144 | 701 (16.7) | 74 (21.1) | |
| Chronic Constipation | 0.101# | |||
| No | 749 | 402 (93.3) | 347 (90.6) | |
| Yes | 65 | 29 (6.7) | 36 (9.4) | |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment | 0.116# | |||
| No | 741 | 387 (89.8) | 354 (92.4) | |
| Yes | 73 | 44 (10.2) | 29 (7.6) | |
| Physical Performance (mean±s.d) | ||||
| Functional Mobility (TUG) (sec) | 12.2±4.0 | 11.2±3.6 | 13.3±4.2 | <0.001***+ |
| Muscle Strength (HGS) (kg) | 18.9±4.8 | 20.6±4.8 | 17.5±4.4 | <0.001***+ |
* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, # χ2 test was used,+Independent Samples T-Test was used
BMI Body Mass Index, TUG Timed Up and Go, HGS Handgrip Strength, kg Kilogram, sec seconds