Table 3.
Association between variables and incontinence in rural population
| Variable | Total | Rural n (%) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383 | UI 88 (23.0) | Non-UI 295 (77.0) | ||
| Age (years) (mean ± s.d.) | 72.4 ± 6.1 | 73.2 ± 6.6 | 72.2 ± 5.9 | 0.184+ |
| Age Range | 0.678# | |||
| 60–69 | 145 | 30 (34.1) | 115 (39.0) | |
| 70–79 | 183 | 38 (43.2) | 145 (49.2) | |
| ≥ 80 | 55 | 20 (22.7) | 35 (11.8) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.039*# | |||
| Malay | 326 | 78 (88.6) | 248 (84.1) | |
| Chinese | 54 | 9 (10.2) | 45 (15.3) | |
| Indian | 3 | 1 (1.1) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Marital Status | 0.458# | |||
| Married | 158 | 26 (29.5) | 132 (44.7) | |
| Unmarried/Widowed/Divorced | 225 | 62 (70.5) | 163 (55.3) | |
| Education | 0.173# | |||
| ≤ 6 Years | 349 | 77 (87.5) | 272 (92.2) | |
| > 6 Years | 34 | 11 (12.5) | 23 (7.8) | |
| Smoking History | 0.312# | |||
| Smoker | 10 | 2 (2.3) | 8 (2.7) | |
| Non/Past Smoker | 373 | 86 (97.7) | 287 (97.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± s.d.) | 24.9 ± 4.9 | 25.2 ± 5.2 | 24.7 ± 4.8 | 0.428+ |
| Multimorbidity | 0.374 | |||
| < 2 chronic diseases | 216 | 46 (52.3) | 170 (57.6) | |
| ≥ 2 chronic diseases | 167 | 42 (47.7) | 125 (42.4) | |
| History of Falls | 0.447# | |||
| No | 302 | 69 (78.4) | 233 (79.0) | |
| Yes | 74 | 18 (21.6) | 56 (21.0) | |
| Chronic Constipation | < 0.001***# | |||
| No | 347 | 71 (80.7) | 276 (93.6) | |
| Yes | 36 | 17 (19.3) | 19 (6.4) | |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment | 0.516# | |||
| No | 354 | 81 (92.0) | 279 (94.6) | |
| Yes | 29 | 7 (8.0) | 22 (5.4) | |
| Physical Performance (mean ± s.d) | ||||
| Functional Mobility (TUG) (seconds) | 13.3 ± 4.2 | 14.2 ± 5.4 | 13.0 ± 3.6 | 0.008**+ |
| Muscle Strength (HGS) (kg) | 18.6 ± 4.8 | 17.5 ± 4.4 | 19.0 ± 4.8 | < 0.001***+ |
* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, # χ2 test was used, +Independent Samples T-Test was used
BMI Body Mass Index, TUG Timed Up and Go, HGS Handgrip Strength, kg Kilogram, sec seconds