Table 3.
Odds ratio for intelligence quotient (IQ) by sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status
| Unadjusted modela | Adjusted modela | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Income groupsb | |||||
| Below MYR1500 | Low/borderline/below average | 2.51* | 1.47, 4.27 | 2.01* | 1.16, 3.49 |
| Average | 2.27* | 1.45, 3.54 | 1.95* | 1.24, 3.06 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| MYR1500-MYR2299 | Low/borderline/below average | 1.34 | 0.78, 2.30 | 1.15 | 0.66, 2.01 |
| Average | 1.30 | 0.82, 2.07 | 1.18 | 0.74, 1.90 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| MYR2300-MYR5599 | Low/borderline/below average | 1.14 | 0.71, 1.84 | 1.06 | 0.65, 1.72 |
| Average | 1.44 | 0.99, 2.09 | 1.38 | 0.95, 2.02 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Paternal education levelc | |||||
| Non-schooling and primary school | Low/borderline/below average | 1.78 | 0.93, 3.43 | 2.38* | 1.22, 4.62 |
| Average | 0.90 | 0.51, 1.60 | 1.11 | 0.63, 1.97 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Secondary school | Low/borderline/below average | 1.42 | 0.93, 2.17 | 1.63* | 1.06, 2.52 |
| Average | 1.01 | 0.73, 1.40 | 1.12 | 0.80, 1.55 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Maternal education levelc | |||||
| Non-schooling and primary school | Low/borderline/below average | 2.50* | 1.25, 5.00 | 2.64* | 1.32, 5.30 |
| Average | 2.07* | 1.07, 4.02 | 2.12* | 1.10, 4.08 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Secondary school | Low/borderline/below average | 1.41 | 0.95, 2.10 | 1.34 | 0.89, 2.02 |
| Average | 1.63* | 1.17, 2.28 | 1.55* | 1.11, 2.17 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| BAZ groupsd | |||||
| Thinness | Low/borderline/below average | 0.94 | 0.54, 1.64 | 0.79 | 0.45, 1.41 |
| Average | 1.23 | 0.74, 2.03 | 1.05 | 0.64, 1.73 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Overweight | Low/borderline/below average | 1.44 | 0.92, 2.26 | 1.45 | 0.93, 2.27 |
| Average | 1.12 | 0.78, 1.62 | 1.08 | 0.74, 1.57 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Obese | Low/borderline/below average | 1.32 | 0.83, 2.10 | 1.33 | 0.82, 2.17 |
| Average | 1.09 | 0.74, 1.60 | 1.06 | 0.69, 1.61 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
| Severe obesity | Low/borderline/below average | 2.08* | 1.14, 3.77 | 2.28* | 1.23, 4.24 |
| Average | 1.21 | 0.70, 2.11 | 1.28 | 0.73, 2.24 | |
| High average/superior | 1 | 1 | |||
*Significant odds ratio using complex sample logistic regression at p < 0.05
aReference category of IQ groups is high average/superior. Sex, ethnicity, age and residence areas (rural/urban) were adjusted in the adjusted model
bReference category of income groups is high income group (MYR5600 and above). ǂUSD 1 = MYR 4.1405 (as at 28 September 2018)
cReference category of paternal and maternal education level is tertiary education level
dReference category of BAZ groups is normal weight