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. 2019 Jun 13;9:8603. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45057-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The latitudinal variation in the depth of a hydrate-rich cryosphere for three different groundwater freezing temperatures: 203°K corresponding to sulfate-rich and Mg(ClO₄)₂ brines (blue line); 252°K corresponding to NaCl brine (green line); 273°K corresponding to pure water (red line); 303°K corresponding to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (black line); assumed heat flow is 15 mW m⁻² for the solid lines and 30 mW m⁻² for the dashed lines. Below 30° latitude, high and low regolith porosity can influence the isotherm distribution as shown by the divergent pattern⁴¹. Maximum extensions of fracture systems inferred beneath the TPT in Arcadia Planitia is plotted as three boxes at the latitude of Arcadia Planitia (a). Latitudinal break down for the maximum extension value (Uco) for each cluster (b). Grey line in graph b displays the gas hydrate stability zone base level taken from a.