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. 2019 Jun 13;9:8613. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45064-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Instantaneous (A) heart rate (if_H, n = 13), (B) stroke volume (iSV, n = 11), and (C) cardiac output (iCO, n = 11) versus duration following a voluntary surface apnea (s) at rest in bottlenose dolphin. Solid and dotted red lines are the resting average and 95% confidence limits, respectively while breathing after correcting for respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Gray solid line is model predicted regressions. The legend in panel A give the symbol for each individual animal in panels A–C.