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. 2019 Jun 13;10:2585. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10564-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A subset of neurons responds to perturbations of tactile flow. a Calcium signals for two example neurons across multiple Closed-loop trials. Trials are sorted according to when the perturbation (2-s texture halt) occurred. Running speed and texture speed are plotted below with black periods marking stop of texture rotation. The left L5 neuron is an example of an up-modulated cell whereas the right L2/3 neuron exemplifies down-modulation upon perturbation. b Mean ΔF/F traces (±s.e.m.) aligned to perturbation onset for the example neurons in (a). ‘P’ indicates the amplitude of perturbation-induced modulation defined as the difference between mean ΔF/F values before (−1 to −0.3 s window) and during perturbation (+0.3 to 2 s, orange shaded areas). c Distribution of perturbation-induced modulation for all L2/3 (red, n = 420) and L5 (blue, n = 275) neurons. Triangles mark medians of −5.1% and −2.3% for L2/3 and L5 neurons, respectively. d Percentage of significantly up-modulated (P > 2σ) and down-modulated (P < −2σ) neurons in L2/3 and L5 populations, respectively, with σ denoting baseline noise (see Methods). e Perturbation responses of two example neurons in Open-loop condition, where sudden stalling of the texture rotation may occur during running (left panels) or resting (right panels). f Distribution of perturbation modulation (P) for neurons in L2/3 (red, n = 269) and L5 (blue, n = 234) neurons during running (left panel, mean P: −0.7 ± 0.7% and −1.7 ± 0.6% for L2/3 and L5; p < 0.05) and during resting (right panel, 253 L2/3 neurons, red, and 172 L5 neurons, blue; mean P: −9.2 ± 0.5% and −4.3 ± 0.4% for L2/3 and L5, respectively, p < 0.0001). Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for distribution comparisons. g Percentage of neurons that are significantly up-modulated (P > 2σ) and down-modulated (P < −2σ) for L2/3 (red) and L5 (blue) populations during running (left) and during resting state (right)