Table 3.

Generalized estimating equation analysis of longitudinal outcomes and effect size in different instruments (N=60)

Outcome measure (instrument)	Variable	Estimate	SE	Wald chi-square	P-value	Effect size
Disease knowledge (COPD-Q)	Intercept	7.267	0.3331	475.874	<0.001***
	Experimental groupa	−0.633	0.5465	1.343	0.247
	T2b	0.853	0.5083	2.819	0.093
	T1b	0.326	0.4349	0.562	0.454
Experimental group* T2c	1.661	0.7904	4.419	0.036*	0.525
	Experimental group* T1c	2.300	0.6245	13.563	<0.001***	0.904
Self-efficacy (PRAISE)	Intercept	47.300	1.4065	1131.023	<0.001***
	Experimental groupa	−3.800	1.7422	4.757	0.029*
	T2b	1.540	1.2141	1.609	0.205
	T1b	−1.448	1.4894	0.945	0.331
Experimental group* T2c	4.812	1.7132	7.889	0.005**	0.138
	Experimental group* T1c	6.763	1.8682	13.105	<0.001***	0.441
Patient activation level (PAM)	Intercept	65.593	2.9075	508.964	<0.001***
	Experimental groupa	−5.950	3.8885	2.341	0.126
	T2b	3.641	3.1225	1.360	0.244
	T1b	0.034	3.3237	0.000	0.992
Experimental group* T2c	12.158	4.2178	8.309	0.004**	0.403
	Experimental group* T1c	13.887	4.5567	9.288	0.002**	0.483
Impact of COPD (CAT)	Intercept	8.600	0.8545	101.284	<0.001***
	Experimental groupa	1.333	1.4564	0.838	0.360
	T2b	0.120	1.236	0.009	0.923
	T1b	2.437	1.0803	5.089	0.024*
	Experimental group* T2c	−2.239	1.6715	1.794	0.180	0.172
Experimental group* T1c	−3.926	1.5527	6.393	0.011*	0.426

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001. ^aReference group: control group, ^breference group: T0 (baseline), ^creference group: control group *T0 (T0=baseline, T1=1 month after intervention, T2=3 months after intervention).