Table 3.
Changes in oxidative stress parameter values following intervention.
| Parameters | Time Point | Time Point Comparison | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTRL (n = 12) | SE (n = 14) | Baseline Comparison | Time × Group | ||
| MDA (μM) | Baseline | 12.0 ± 3.75 | 10.3 ± 3.94 | 0.212 | 0.115 |
| Δ 2-week | −2.97 ** | −0.23 | |||
| Δ Follow-up | −3.80 †† | −2.47 † | |||
| GSH (nmol/g Hb) | Baseline | 6468 ± 2426 | 5751 ± 2437 | 0.462 | 0.869 |
| Δ 2-week | −172 | −26.8 | |||
| Δ Follow-up | +138 | +600 | |||
| GSSG (nmol/g Hb) | Baseline | 85.9 ± 16.5 | 85.4 ± 7.34 | 0.940 | 0.311 |
| Δ 2-week | −2.97 | −0.23 | |||
| Δ Follow-up | −3.80 | −2.47 | |||
| GSH/GSSG ratio | Baseline | 75.9 ± 29.5 | 68.8 ± 28.2 | 0.462 | 0.743 |
| Δ 2-week | −0.77 | −3.81 | |||
| Δ Follow-up | +5.10 | +6.36 | |||
| GSH-Px activity | Baseline | 72.1 ± 31.2 | 92.1 ± 38.0 | 0.860 | 0.742 |
| Δ 2-week | −4.00 | +3.13 | |||
| Δ Follow-up | −3.27 | +2.55 | |||
| ORAC (TE) | Baseline | 1025 ± 275 | 1027 ± 181 | 0.176 | 0.079 |
| Δ 2-week | +67.2 | −40.9 | |||
| Δ Follow-up | +26.6 | −66.4 | |||
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation for baseline. Changes from baseline to 2-week and baseline to follow-up are presented as Δ 2-week and Δ Follow-up, respectively. p-values for baseline comparison were derived from non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. p-value for time point comparison was obtained from Wilcoxon signed rank test (paired non-parametric t-test). p-values were determined by linear mixed-models analyses using time, group, and time × group as fixed effects. ** p < 0.01 in time point comparison between baseline and 2-week. † p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01 in time point comparison between baseline and follow-up. MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TE: Trolox equivalents.