Table 1.
Sample characteristics of Chinese adults aged ≥55 years old attending the first cognitive function test by levels of cumulative chili intake (n = 4661) 1.
| None | 1–20 | 20–50 | >50 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2662 | 975 | 718 | 346 | |
| Age (years) | 64.3 (7.9) | 62.4 (7.8) | 62.4 (7.4) | 62.2 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.008 | ||||
| Men | 1217 (46.4%) | 461 (47.3%) | 374 (52.1%) | 185 (53.5%) | |
| Women | 1405 (53.6%) | 514 (52.7%) | 344 (47.9%) | 161 (46.5%) | |
| Income | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 776 (30.0%) | 310(32.1%) | 256(35.9%) | 121 (35.3%) | |
| Medium | 724 (28.0%) | 304(31.5%) | 232(32.5% | 136 (39.7%) | |
| High | 1090 (42.1%) | 351(36.4%) | 225(31.6%) | 86 (25.1%) | |
| Education | 0.003 | ||||
| Low | 1681 (73.0%) | 625 (68.2%) | 486 (72.5%) | 256 (80.5%) | |
| Medium | 333 (14.5%) | 161 (17.6%) | 93 (13.9%) | 36 (11.3%) | |
| High | 290 (12.6%) | 130 (14.2%) | 91 (13.6%) | 26 (8.2%) | |
| Urbanization | <0.001 | ||||
| Low | 648 (24.7%) | 244 (25.0%) | 181 (25.2%) | 110 (31.8%) | |
| Medium | 634 (24.2%) | 295 (30.3%) | 245 (34.1%) | 124 (35.8%) | |
| High | 1340 (51.1%) | 436 (44.7%) | 292 (40.7%) | 112 (32.4%) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | ||||
| Non smoker | 1837 (70.2%) | 656 (67.5%) | 442 (61.6%) | 197 (57.1%) | |
| Ex-smokers | 84 (3.2%) | 34 (3.5%) | 27 (3.8%) | 25 (7.2%) | |
| Current smokers | 695 (26.6%) | 282 (29.0%) | 248 (34.6%) | 123 (35.7%) | |
| Survey year | <0.001 | ||||
| 1997 | 1219 (46.5%) | 379 (38.9%) | 318 (44.3%) | 136 (39.3%) | |
| 2000 | 462 (17.6%) | 159 (16.3%) | 107 (14.9%) | 69 (19.9%) | |
| 2004 | 621 (23.7%) | 241 (24.7%) | 173 (24.1%) | 71 (20.5%) | |
| 2006 | 320 (12.2%) | 196 (20.1%) | 120 (16.7%) | 70 (20.2%) | |
| Alcohol drinking | 737 (28.7%) | 308 (32.2%) | 256 (36.2%) | 131 (38.4%) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET/week) | 79.2 (90.8) | 89.8 (102.5) | 100.2 (110.3) | 121.7 (115.8) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (3.7) | 23.1 (3.6) | 22.7 (3.6) | 22.2 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI>24 (kg/m2) | 967 (39.9%) | 330 (36.6%) | 223 (32.9%) | 81 (24.5%) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2038.2 (613.6) | 2103.8 (617.0) | 2160.0 (621.2) | 2342.5 (711.8) | <0.001 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 66.2 (36.4) | 67.0 (35.5) | 66.6 (36.7) | 70.1 (41.6) | 0.32 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 62.9 (23.2) | 63.6 (21.7) | 63.8 (21.8) | 68.4 (27.5) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 292.4 (103.1) | 305.3 (104.8) | 320.2 (109.6) | 347.7 (110.2) | <0.001 |
| Traditional southern dietary pattern score | −0.2 (0.9) | −0.0 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Modern dietary pattern score | 0.0 (0.9) | −0.1 (0.8) | −0.2 (0.7) | −0.4 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Chili intake (g/day) | 0.0 (0.0) | 9.8 (5.4) | 33.5 (8.4) | 75.3 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 948 (38.2%) | 311 (33.9%) | 215 (31.3%) | 92 (27.8%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 89 (3.5%) | 33 (3.4%) | 22 (3.1%) | 5 (1.5%) | 0.260 |
| Stroke | 62 (2.4) | 26 (2.7%) | 6 (0.8%) | 6 (1.8%) | 0.046 |
| Self-reported poor memory | 561(21.5%) | 189(19.6%) | 116(16.4%) | 98(28.6%) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported memory decline | 998(39.3%) | 353(37.0%) | 260(37.2%) | 168(50.0%) | <0.001 |
1 Data are presented as mean (SD) for continuous measures, and n (%) for categorical measures.