Table 2.
Immunomodulating effects of heat-killed bacteria and cell-free supernatants.
| Immunomodulating Properties | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Component/Fraction | Species | Effects | References |
| Heat-killed bacteria | L. paracasei, L. reuteri, L. casei, L. plantarum | Induction of IL-12 | [38] |
| Combination of L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, and E. faecium | Enhanced immunomodulatory activity in comparison with live strains. Treatment at 100 °C for 30 min did not alter their adhesive capacity |
[102] | |
| S. thermophilus | Production of IgA | [77] | |
| L. rhamnosus OLL2838 | Barrier protective properties in mice with induced colitis | [103] | |
| L. acidophilus LB + culture medium | Reduced paracellular permeability | [104] | |
| Product containing B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus | Protection of cyto-architecture of intestinal barrier; down-regulation of TNF-α expression | [105] | |
| B. breve M-16-V | Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production | [106] | |
| B. bifidum OLB6378 | Increased expression of sIgA receptor | [107] | |
| Cell-free supernatants | L. acidophilus, L. casei, and L. reuteri | Down-regulation of PGE-2 and IL-8 expression | [68] |
| L. delbrueckii, L. paracasei, L. salivarius, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. lactis, L. casei, S. thermophilus, B. breve, and B. longum | Anti-inflammatory responses mediated by metabolites and cell surfaces. Stimulation of cell-surface structures of PBMC similar to olive strains |
[33] | |
| Soluble factors of L. reuteri CRL1098 | Anti-inflammatory responses | [68,108] | |
| Soluble peptides of L. rhamnosus GG | Prevention of cytokine-induced cell apoptosis | [19,109] | |
| Metabolites from B. breve | Immunomodulation in human dendritic cells | [68,110] | |