Table 7.
Metabolites analyzed in urine after acute cocoa intervention studied with non-targeted methodologies.
| Period (h) | Purine Metabolites | Polyphenol Metabolites | Nicotinic Acid Metabolites | Amino Acid Metabolites | Others | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | N-methylguanine | - | - | - | - | [87] |
| 0–6 | 3-methyluric acid 3-methylxanthine 3,7-dimethyluric acid 7-methyluric acid 7-methylxanthineAMMU (4) Caffeine Theobromine |
3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone 3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone glucuronide 4-hydroxy-5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone glucuronide Epicatechin-O—sulfate O-methyl epicatechin Vanillic acid Vanilloylglycine |
Hydroxynicotinic acid Trigonelline | Tyrosine | 3,5-diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine Cyclo(Ser-Tyr) Cyclo(Pro-Pro) Hydroxyacetophenone |
[86] |
| 3-methylxanthine 7-methylxanthine Theobromine |
Vanilloylglycine | - | - | - | [87] | |
| 3-methyluric acid 3-methylxanthine 3,7- dimethyluric acid 7-methyluric acid 7-methylxanthine AMMU Caffeine Theobromine |
3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone 3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone glucuronide 4-hydroxy-5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone sulfate 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-valerolactone glucuronide Hippurate Epicatechin-O-sulfate Vanilloylglycine |
Hydroxynicotinic acid N1-methylnicotinamide |
Alanine Arginine Glycine Tyrosine Valine |
2-hydroxyisobutyrate 3-hydroxyisobutyrate 3-hydroxyisovalerate 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate Creatinine Dimethylamine Lactate O-feruoylquinate Pyruvate |
[84] | |
| 6–12 | 3-methyluric acid 3-methylxanthine 3,7-dimethyluric acid 7-methyluric acid 7-methylxanthine AMMU Caffeine Theobromine |
3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone 3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone glucuronide 4-hydroxy-5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-g-valerolactone glucuronide 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone sulfate 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone glucuronide |
- | - | Cyclo(Ser-Tyr) 3,5-diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine |
[86] |
| 3-methylxanthine 7-methylxanthine Theobromine |
Dihydroxyphenyl valerolactone glucuronide | - | - | Furoylglycine | [87] | |
| 12–24 | 3-methyluric acid 3-methylxanthine 3,7-dimethyluric acid 7-methyluric acid 7-methylxanthine AMMU Theobromine |
3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone 3´-methoxy-4´-hydroxyphenyl valerolactone glucuronide 4-hydroxy-5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-g-valerolactone glucuronide 5-(3´,4´-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone glucuronide |
- | - | Cyclo(Ser-Tyr) | [86] |
| 3-methylxanthine 7-methylxanthine Theobromine |
- | - | Xanthurenic acid | - | [87] |
Notes: (4) AMMU means 6-amino-5-[N-methylformylamino]-1-methyluracil.