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. 2019 Apr 28;11(5):978. doi: 10.3390/nu11050978

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Mulberry improves endothelial cell functions in ox-LDL-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with 50 μg/mL C-3-R and 500 μg/mL mulberry, then incubated with 20 μg/mL ox-LDL for another 24 h. NO production (A) and endothelial O2− production (B) were assessed as described in the materials and methods. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 3; * p < 0.05 versus control; ** p < 0.05 vs. ox-LDL) (C) Representative images of DHE staining for O2− production. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 3; * p < 0.05 versus control; ** p < 0.05 vs. ox-LDL) (D) Quantification of DHR fluorescence intensity for peroxynitrite levels. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 3; * p < 0.05 versus control; ** p < 0.05 vs. ox-LDL). Nitrotryosine (E) and expression of β-actin in HUVECs were determined by Western blotting. Phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr495 and Ser1177 (F) and expression of total eNOS and β-actin in the HUVECs were determined by Western blotting. HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; C-3-R, cyanidin-3-rutinoside; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; NO, nitric oxide; DHE, dihydroethidium; DHR, dihydrorhodamine.