Table 1.
Background characteristics of the study subjects according to the presence of metabolic syndrome.
| Metabolic Syndrome | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| + (No. = 4976) | − (No. = 25132) | p-Value | |
| Age (years) a | 56.7 ± 8.7 | 53.9 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Sex b | |||
| Men | 3371 (67.7) | 11,573 (46) | <0.001 |
| ⬜Women | 1605 (32.3) | 13,559 (54) | |
| Study site b | |||
| ⬜Okazaki | 951 (19.1) | 5213 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| ⬜Shizuoka, Daiko | 711 (14.3) | 3968 (15.8) | |
| ⬜Takashima | 257 (5.2) | 1698 (6.8) | |
| Kyoto | 833 (16.7) | 4764 (19.0) | |
| Kagoshima | 1407 (28.3) | 4896 (19.5) | |
| ⬜Tokushima | 196 (3.9) | 982 (3.9) | |
| ⬜Sakuragaoka | 621 (12.5) | 3611 (14.4) | |
| Smoking habit b | |||
| ⬜Current | 992 (19.9) | 3958 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Past | 1618 (32.5) | 5636 (22.4) | |
| ⬜No | 2366 (47.6) | 15,538 (61.8) | |
| Drinking habit b | |||
| ⬜Current | 3147 (63.2) | 14,221 (56.6) | <0.001 |
| Past | 84 (1.7) | 420 (1.7) | |
| ⬜ No | 1745 (35.1) | 10,491 (41.7) | |
| Exercise during leisure time (MET-hours/week) c | 6.45 (0.425, 17.85) | 5.675 (0.425, 17.925) | 0.657 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) a | 26.6 ± 3.2 | 22.3 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) c | 136 (129, 146) | 122 (110, 133) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) c | 84 (78, 90) | 75 (68, 82) | <0.001 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) c | 172 (121, 228) | 85 (63, 117) | <0.001 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) c | 49 (43, 60) | 65 (55, 77) | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) c | 105 (98, 116) | 92 (87, 98) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake(kcal/day) a | 1800 ± 370 | 1727 ± 345 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) c | 53 (46, 60) | 52 (46, 59) | 0.015 |
| Fat (g/day) c | 42 (35, 49) | 43 (37, 50) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) c | 248 (212, 291) | 237 (206, 278) | <0.001 |
| Soluble dietary fiber (g/day) c | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) | <0.001 |
| Insoluble dietary fiber (g/day) c | 6.9 (5.8, 8.3) | 7.4 (6.2, 8.8) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g/day) c | 10.5 (9.0, 12.2) | 11.0 (9.3, 12.8) | <0.001 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) c | 15.5 (13.3, 18.4) | 15.7 (13.5, 18.4) | <0.001 |
| n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (mg/day) c | 2164 (1800, 2595) | 2164 (1847, 2539) | 0.859 |
| n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (mg/day) c | 10,528 (8811, 12,806) | 10,679 (9032, 12,758) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) c | 229 (184, 289) | 233 (185, 288) | 0.248 |
| Potassium (mg/day) c | 1980 (1715, 2268) | 2044 (1785, 2356) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/day) c | 464 (382, 568) | 498 (404, 599) | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/day) c | 6.8 (5.6, 8.2) | 6.8 (5.7, 8.2) | 0.002 |
| Retinol EQ (μg/day) c | 859 (574, 1134) | 872 (615, 1152) | <0.001 |
| Carotene (μg/day) c | 2567 (1941, 3438) | 2835 (2114, 3760) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) c | 6.9 (4.7, 8.6) | 6.9 (4.7, 8.3) | 0.005 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) c | 7.6 (6.5, 8.9) | 7.8 (6.8, 9.2) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg/day) c | 0.63 (0.58, 0.69) | 0.64 (0.59, 0.69) | 0.021 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg/day) c | 1.03 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) c | 87 (67, 107) | 91 (71, 114) | <0.001 |
| Folate (μg/day) c | 307 (250, 373) | 318 (261, 387) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) c | 1667 (1414, 2015) | 1683 (1433, 1976) | 0.598 |
| Nutritional pattern score a | |||
| ⬜Factor 1 | −0.16 ± 1.00 | 0.03 ± 1.00 | <0.001 |
| ⬜Factor 2 | −0.01 ± 1.02 | 0.00 ± 1.00 | 0.637 |
| ⬜Factor 3 | −0.10 ± 0.99 | 0.02 ± 1.00 | <0.001 |
a Mean + S.D, t-test; b Number of subjects (%), chi-square test; c Median (25%, 75%), Wilcoxon’s rank sum test.