Figure 4.

Upregulation of fatty acid oxidizing genes via sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) activation in liver. After four weeks of co-feeding with ONE, mouse livers from six different treatment groups were collected and mRNA expression levels of (A) SPHK2, (B) carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1α), (C) peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), and (D) peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme oxidase 1 (ACOX1) were measured using qRT-PCR. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 7). Different letters indicate statistical significance among treatment groups. (E) Protein levels of SPHK2, CPT1α, ACOX1, and PPARα were determined by immunoblot analyses method.