Table 1.
Characteristics of NHANES participants, 2003–2014, by the NAFLD status.
| Group | No NAFLD | NAFLD | p-Value * for Difference between Those With and Without NAFLD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted n (SD) | Weighted Percent (SE) | Weighted n (SD) | Weighted Percent (SE) | ||
| Total | 61,456,846 (2,218,754) | 100 (0) | 30,295,373 (1,301,957) | 100 (0) | |
| Survey Cycle | 0.02 | ||||
| 2003–2004 | 10,566,907 (1,252,551) | 17.2 (1.8) | 4,397,048 (603,680) | 14.5 (1.8) | |
| 2005–2006 | 9,983,650 (701,413) | 16.2 (1.1) | 4,560,556 (428,466) | 15.1 (1.3) | |
| 2007–2008 | 10,630,944 (843,068) | 17.3 (1.3) | 5,188,078 (602,156) | 17.1 (1.8) | |
| 2009–2010 | 9,483,325 (665,022) | 15.4 (1.1) | 5,996,470 (478,479) | 19.8 (1.5) | |
| 2011–2012 | 10,439,332 (1,024,219) | 17.0 (1.5) | 4,980,308 (513,756) | 16.4 (1.6) | |
| 2013–2014 | 10,352,685 (812,379) | 16.8 (1.2) | 5,172,910 (539,998) | 17.1 (1.6) | |
| Age Group (years) | <0.0001 | ||||
| 20–39 | 20,935,959 (928,501) | 35.8 (1.2) | 6,195,884 (420,329) | 21.1 (1.2) | |
| 40–59 | 20,750,665 (1,067,685) | 35.5 (1.2) | 11,253,296 (747,129) | 38.4 (1.6) | |
| 60–79 | 13,098,637 (712,268) | 22.4 (0.8) | 10,320,193 (568,536) | 35.2 (1.5) | |
| ≥80 | 3,682,338 (262,507) | 6.3 (0.4) | 1,547,004 (175,185) | 5.3 (0.6) | |
| Sex | <0.0001 | ||||
| Male | 26,036,711 (1,090,038) | 42.4 (0.9) | 16,577,926 (822,807) | 54.7 (1.2) | |
| Female | 35,420,134 (1,373,568) | 57.6 (0.9) | 13,717,446 (675,055) | 45.3 (1.2) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 4,040,549 (353,152) | 6.6 (0.7) | 3,214,449 (336,258) | 10.6 (1.3) | |
| Other Hispanic | 2,502,869 (294,586) | 4.1 (0.5) | 1,169,495 (146,235) | 3.9 (0.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 42,084,359 (2,357,817) | 68.5 (1.6) | 22,580,348 (1,364,103) | 74.5 (1.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 8,406,747 (589,390) | 13.7 (1.1) | 1,986,698 (189,877) | 6.6 (0.7) | |
| Other/Multiracial | 4,422,319 (386,390) | 7.2 (0.6) | 1,344,381 (187,613) | 4.4 (0.6) | |
| BMI Category | <0.0001 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1,267,523 (190,732) | 2.1 (0.3) | 11,483 (11,483) | 0 (0) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 23,267,000 (1,199,452) | 37.9 (1.1) | 1,067,429 (166,431) | 3.5 (0.5) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 24,039,650 (975,583) | 39.1 (1) | 6,865,896 (515,913) | 22.7 (1.3) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 12,882,671 (625,090) | 21.0 (0.8) | 22,350,563 (1,000,989) | 73.8 (1.4) | |
| Smoking Status | <0.0001 | ||||
| Never | 39,936,202 (1,411,228) | 65 (1) | 17,112,945 (831,979) | 56.5 (1.5) | |
| Current | 8,772,599 (631,562) | 14.3 (0.8) | 3,937,101 (329,377) | 13 (1) | |
| Former | 12,734,901 (761,119) | 20.7 (0.9) | 9,242,180 (599,355) | 30.5 (1.2) | |
| Missing | 13,143 (7800) | 0 (0) | 3146 (3146) | 0 (0) | |
| Education Level | <0.0001 | ||||
| Less than HS | 996,9649 (566,262) | 16.2 (0.9) | 6,847,959 (414,383) | 22.6 (1.3) | |
| HS or some college | 31,596,068 (1,513,799) | 51.4 (1.3) | 17,238,418 (1,037,220) | 56.9 (1.7) | |
| College or more | 19875667 (1,131,428) | 32.3 (1.4) | 6,208,995 (464,059) | 20.5 (1.4) | |
| Missing | 15,459 (9780) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Diabetes (doctor’s diagnosis) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 57,768,923 (2,130,004) | 94 (0.5) | 24,365,926 (1,187,983) | 80.4 (1.3) | |
| Yes | 3687,922 (301,760) | 6 (0.5) | 5,929,446 (413,180) | 19.6 (1.3) | |
| Diabetes (plasma fasting glucose ≥127 mg/dL) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 58,992,373 (2,196,856) | 96 (0.4) | 23,910,800 (1,125,079) | 78.9 (1.2) | |
| Yes | 2,464,472 (221,631) | 4 (0.4) | 6,384,573 (417,802) | 21.1 (1.2) | |
| Diabetes (either criteria) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 56,999,582 (2,117,147) | 92.7 (0.5) | 22,113,112 (1,076,534) | 73 (1.3) | |
| Yes | 4,457,263 (331,259) | 7.3 (0.5) | 8,182,260 (487,535) | 27 (1.3) | |
| High blood pressure at exam (systolic ≥130 and/or diastolic ≥85 mm Hg) | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 44,620,732 (1,833,006) | 74.5 (0.9) | 17,861,138 (883,010) | 61.1 (1.4) | |
| Yes | 15,263,826 (689,875) | 25.5 (0.9) | 11,373,199 (622,176) | 38.9 (1.4) | |
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||||
| Age (years) | 48.28 (0.4) | 53.77 (0.47) | <0.0001 | ||
| Family Income (poverty income ratio, PIR) | 3.02 (0.04) | 2.83 (0.06) | 0.001 | ||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 26.59 (0.1) | 34.66 (0.23) | <0.0001 | ||
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 92.81 (0.25) | 114.7 (0.47) | <0.0001 | ||
| Dietary Measures | |||||
| Total Energy (kcal/day) | 2018.42 (17.58) | 2070.52 (23.51) | 0.05 | ||
| Dietary α-carotene (mcg) | 489.85 (51.53) | 387.73 (25.77) | 0.16 | ||
| Dietary β-carotene (mcg) | 2547.38 (170.97) | 1933.4 (70.65) | 0.0003 | ||
| Dietary β-cryptoxanthin (mcg) | 110.22 (4.6) | 93.48 (5.15) | 0.05 | ||
| Dietary lycopene (mcg) | 5372.32 (190.38) | 5624.4 (228.24) | 0.37 | ||
| Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin (mcg) | 1748.17 (109.42) | 1275.8 (49.83) | <0.0001 | ||
| Laboratory Measures | |||||
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 47.3 (0.62) | 137.44 (3.38) | <0.0001 | ||
| Glucose, plasma (mg/dL) | 98.98 (0.43) | 119.59 (1.17) | <0.0001 | ||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.21 (1) | 194.76 (1.33) | 0.35 | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 107.73 (2.15) | 175.63 (4.18) | <0.0001 | ||
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116.69 (0.78) | 115.08 (1.13) | 0.24 | ||
| Direct HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.4 (0.38) | 45.29 (0.34) | <0.0001 | ||
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 18.58 (0.26) | 35.82 (0.85) | <0.0001 | ||
| US Fatty Liver Index | 12.39 (0.17) | 52.8 (0.52) | <0.0001 | ||
| Serum Measures (2003–2006 only) | |||||
| Serum α-carotene (µg/dL) | 5.03 (0.28) | 2.96 (0.14) | <0.0001 | ||
| Serum β-carotene (µg/dL) | 23.25 (1.14) | 12.96 (0.6) | <0.0001 | ||
| Serum β-cryptoxanthin (µg/dL) | 10.32 (0.39) | 7.6 (0.29) | <0.0001 | ||
| Serum lycopene (µg/dL) | 43.8 (0.72) | 40.37 (1.07) | 0.02 | ||
| Serum lutein/zeaxanthin (µg/dL) | 16.95 (0.42) | 14.17 (0.34) | <0.0001 | ||
* Based on logistic regression with each independent variable considered separately. All analyses are adjusted for survey design variables.