Table 1.

Summary of pharmacological activities of shikimic acid.

References	Study Type	Experimental Model	Pharmacological Potential	Study Outcomes
23	in vitro	SH-SY5Y	Neuroprotective effects	Antioxidant activity in TRAP, inhibit lipoperoxidation in TBARS, inhibit HO, inhibit NO, inhibit SRB, ↓RS
24	in vitro	RAW264.7	Anti-inflammatory effects	↑cell viability, inhibit NO, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, inhibit ERK ½ and p38
	in vivo	Male Swiss Mice	anti-hyperalgesic	Inhibit nociceptive behavior, inhibit inflammatory nociception, attenuate mechanical hyperalgesia
25	ex vivo	Human blood sample	Anti-platelet and anti-thrombogenic	↓PAC-1, ↓P-selectin/CD62P , ↓monocyte-platelet aggregate formation, ↓platelet aggregation
26	in vivo	ICR mice and SD rats	fibrinolytic activity	↓fibrin clot solution turbidity, acidic pH
			Anti-thrombosis	Inhibit mouse tail thrombus formation, ↑survival rate, ↓thrombosis
27	in vivo	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Ulcerative colitis	Improve colon damage, ↓MPO, ↓iNOS, ↓NO, ↓MDA and ↑SOD

Abbreviation: ERK, Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase; HO, Hydroxyl Radical; IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; iNOS, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; MDA, Malondiadehyde; MPO, Myeloperoxidase; NO, Nitric Oxide; RS, reactive species; SRB, Sulforhodamine B; SOD, Superoxide Dismutase; TBARS, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor- α; TRAP, Total Reactive Antioxidant Potential