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. 2019 May 27;11(5):1192. doi: 10.3390/nu11051192

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Changes in Feeding Patterns and Energy Intake during Various Fasting Periods. The five feeding and fasting patterns are: (I) normal feeding, (II), calorie restriction, (III) intermittent fasting (e.g., 5:2), (IV) Ramadan fast and (V) prolonged fasting and starvation. (a) Hourly Differences in Feeding Patterns between Various Fasting Models: hourly timings of feeding and energy intake (meals) are indicated per day in relation to fasting periods (arrows) and reflected in glycaemic control (traces). (b), Daily and Weekly Differences in Feeding Patterns Between Various Fasting Models: daily and weekly feeding patterns are mapped against calorie intake which can be regular such as in in normal feeding (I), indicated by single colour arrows or a combination of low, normal or high calorie intake as in intermittent fasting (III), indicated by mixed colour arrows. Ramadan fast (IV) is unique as it combined low and high calorie intake as indicated by the two single colour arrows. The first week is broken down into seven individual days. Weekly indications follow thereafter.