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. 2019 May 27;11(5):1192. doi: 10.3390/nu11051192

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Energy expenditure and physical activity pre-, during and post-Ramadan. (a) Box plot of daily total number of steps during and post-Ramadan. The effect of Ramadan fasting on activity in 11 participants. (b) Box plot of total number of steps at different periods within one day (per night, morning, afternoon, and evening) during and post-Ramadan in 11 participants. Comparisons made with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Total mean ± SD number of steps per day (9950 ± 1152 compared with 11,353 ± 2053, p = 0.001), activity in the morning (1974 ± 583 compared with 3606 ± 715, p = 0.001) and afternoon (3193 ± 783 compared with 4164 ± 670, p = 0.002) were significantly lower during Ramadan compared with post-Ramadan. Nocturnal activity was higher during Ramadan (1261 ± 629 compared with 416 ± 279, p = 0.001). No significant difference in evening activity levels between during and post-Ramadan periods was observed. (c) TEE and RMR during and post-Ramadan: the correlation between TEE and weight during and post-Ramadan in 10 participants. No significant difference between Ramadan and post-Ramadan regression lines (ANCOVA; t = 0.35, p = 0.727); the main factor influencing TEE was body weight (t = 2.72, p = 0.015).