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Effects of linagliptin on cognitive function as assessed by the Morris water maze test. (A) Swimming speed was unaffected, (B) while the time course of escape latency (time to goal) in the acquisition phase was reduced more in the linagliptin-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group. (C) The time spent in the target quadrant in the probe trial was also significantly higher in the linagliptin-treated group. Error bars indicate ± SD, * p < 0.05.
