Table 2.
Crude extracts derived from the plants for treating hyperproliferation of psoriasis.
| Plant | Experimental Model | Cell or Animal | Method for Detecting Proliferation | Outcomes Offered by Extract | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 Chinese herbal medicines | In vitro | HaCaT | MTT assay | Rubia cordifolia, realgar, and Coptis chinensis showed high antiproliferative effect | Tse et al. [75] |
| Rubia cordifolia | In vitro | HaCaT | MTT and TUNEL | Apoptosis is the main mechanism for antiproliferation of HaCaT | Tse et al. [76] |
| Canadian wood species | In vitro | Normal and psoriatic human keratinocytes | MTT and trypan blue | Yellow birch and black spruce showed high antiproliferative effect | García-Pérez et al. [78] |
| Huaier | In vitro | HaCaT | CASY cell counting | A significant proliferation inhibition through apoptosis pathway | Su et al. [80] |
| Rheum palmatum, Lonicera japonica, and Rehmannia glutinosa | In vitro | HaCaT | Annexin-V staining and caspase-3 | Antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities | Shraibom et al. [81] |
| Malva sylvestris | In vitro/in vivo | HaCaT/Swiss mouse | MTT assay/TPA-induced inflammation | Inhibition of HaCaT proliferation and oedema caused by TPA | Prudente et al. [83] |
| Artemisia capillaris | In vitro/in vivo | HaCaT/Balb/c mouse | Annexin-V staining/IMQ-induced lesion | Inhibition of HaCaT proliferation and epidermal thickness caused by IMQ | Lee et al. [87] |
| Artemisia capillaris | In vivo | Balb/c mouse | IMQ-induced lesion | Reduction of epidermal thickness caused by IMQ | Lee et al. [88] |
| Mahonia aquifolium | Clinical | Psoriatic patients | Biopsy | Reduction of epidermal and dermal T cell infiltration | Augustin et al. [90] |
| Indigo naturalis (Baphicacanthus cusia) | Clinical | Psoriatic patients | Clinical score and biopsy | Reduced Ki-67 and CD3 | Lin et al. [91] |
| Curcuma xanthorrhiza | Clnical | Psoriatic patients | Clinical score and K6 expression | Reduced PASI score | Rahmayunita et al. [94] |
| St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) | Clnical | Psoriatic patients | Clinical score | Reduced PASI score | Najafizadeh et al. [96] |
| St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) | Clnical | Psoriatic patients | TNF-α expression | Reduced TNF-α in epidermis and dendritic cells | Mansouri et al. [98] |
IMQ, imiquimod; MTT, 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; TPA, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.