Table 3.

Pure compounds derived from the plants for treating hyperproliferation of psoriasis.

Compound	Experimental Model	Cell or Animal	Method for Detecting Proliferation	Outcomes Offered by Extract	Reference
Resveratrol	In vitro	Primary culture of human keratinocytes	MTT assay and hemocytometer cell counting	Dose-dependent antiproliferative activity	Holian and Walter [100]
Resveratrol	In vitro	Primary culture of human keratinocytes	7-aminoactinomycin D assay	Reduced aquaporin 3 expression	Wu et al. [101]
Curcumin	In vitro	TNF-α-activated HaCaT	Annexin-V staining	Apoptosis is the main mechanism for antiproliferation of HaCaT	Sun et al. [104]
Curcumin	In vitro	HaCaT	Nuclei staining	Increased apoptosis by the combination with UVA or visible light	Dujic et al. [105]
Curcumin	In vitro	TNF-α-activated HaCaT	Cell counting kit-8 and LDH assay	Increased apoptosis by the combination with red and blue light	Niu et al. [106]
Rottlerin	In vitro	Primary culture of human keratinocytes	MTT assay	Increased apoptosis in an autophagy-dependent pathway	Min et al. [110]
Acridone analogs	In vitro	HaCaT	Cell counting and LDH assay	The compounds with benzyl substitution at the 10-position showed potent proliferation inhibition	Putic et al. [112]
1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid	In vitro	HaCaT	Sulphorhodamine B staining	Dose-dependent antiproliferative activity	Mok et al. [113]
Arsenics	In vitro	HaCaT	MTT assay	Significant inhibition on keratinocyte growth with moderate toxicity on fibroblasts	Tse et al. [115]
Arsenic trioxide	In vitro	HaCaT	MTT and LDH assay	Increased apoptosis via ROS-dependent p53 ubiquitination	Shen et al. [116]
Baicalein	In vitro	HaCaT	Cell counting	Minor inhibition of proliferation without affecting ROS production	Huang et al. [119]
Celastrol	In vitro	HaCaT and primary human keratinocytes	MTT assay	Increased apoptosis via Bcl-2 attenuation and Bax upregulation	Zhou et al. [120]
Tanshinone IIA	In vitro	Primary mouse keratinocytes	MTT assay	Increased apoptosis via caspase pathway	Li et al. [122]
Dehydrocostuslactone and costunolide	In vitro	Primary human keratinocytes	Annexin-V staining	Inhibited proliferation and inflammation-related genes	Scarponi et al. [125]
Delphinidin	In vitro	3D reconstructed psoriatic skin equivalent	Ki-67 and PCNA	Inhibited proliferation and inflammation	Chamcheu et al. [126]
Rhodomyrtone	In vitro/in vivo	HaCaT/rabbit	MTT assay	Elevated apoptosis with no skin irritation	Chorachoo et al. [129]
Rhodomyrtone	In vitro/in vivo	Human skin organ culture/ICR mouse	Histology	Reduced epidermal thickness and hyperplasia	Chorachoo et al. [130]
Phytosphingosine derivatives	In vitro/in vivo	HaCaT/hairless mouse	Cell viability assay kit	Increased programmed keratinocyte death	Kim et al. [132]
Amentoflavone	In vitro/in vivo	HaCaT/Balb/c mouse	Cell counting kit	Inhibited proliferation and epidermal thickness	An et al. [134]
Periplogenin	In vitro/in vivo	HaCaT/Balb/c mouse	MTT assay	Inhibited proliferation via necroptotic cell death	Zhang et al. [135]
3β,6β,16β-Trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene	In vitro/in vivo	HaCaT/Swiss mouse	MTT and neutral red assay	Reduced keratinocyte viability via apoptosis and ROS generation	Horinouchi et al. [136]
Rhododendrin	In vitro/in vivo	Normal human keratinocytes/C57BL/6 mouse	MTT assay	Inhibited proliferation and epidermal thickness	Jeon et al. [139]
8-Methoxypsoralen derivatives	In vitro/in vivo	HaCaT/Balb/c mouse	MTT assay	Inhibited proliferation and epidermal thickness	Alalaiwe et al. [142]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	In vivo	Balb/c mouse	PCNA	Inhibited epidermal thickness and differentiation regulation	Zhang et al. [144]

Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MTT, 3-(4,5-cimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; ROS, reactive oxygen species.