Table 1.
Description of cases with gestational diabetes mellitus and the controls without gestational diabetes mellitus.
| Cases (n = 291) |
Controls (n = 1175) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean; SD) | 33.50; SD = 5.5 | 29.80; SD = 5.1 | <0.001 |
| (Years) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| <25 | 18 (6.2) | 178 (15.2) | |
| 25–29 | 49 (16.8) | 345 (29.4) | |
| 30–34 | 91 (31.3) | 436 (37.1) | |
| ≥35 | 133 (45.7) | 216 (18.3) | |
| Education | 0.140 | ||
| University | 80 (27.5) | 358 (30.5) | |
| Secondary | 74 (25.4) | 339 (28.8) | |
| Primary | 137 (47.1) | 478 (40.7) | |
| Employment | <0.001 | ||
| Work outside the home | 94 (32.4) | 558 (47.5) | |
| Unemployment | 24 (8.3) | 84 (7.2) | |
| Sick leave in pregnancy | 61 (21.0) | 105 (8.9) | |
| Retired | 2 (0.7) | 6 (0.5) | |
| Housewife | 109 (37.6) | 421 (35.9) | |
| Antecedents of Diabetes Mellitus | 135 (46.4) | 300 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | 58 (19.9) | 23 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Gravidity | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 106 (36.4) | 555 (47.2) | |
| 1 | 89 (30.6) | 365 (31.1) | |
| 2 | 57 (19.6) | 168 (14.3) | |
| 3 | 22 (7.6) | 61 (5.2) | |
| ≥4 | 17 (5.8) | 26 (2.2) | |
| Parity | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 146 (50.2) | 631 (53.7) | |
| 1 | 85 (29.2) | 416 (35.4) | |
| 2 | 42 (14.4) | 108 (9.2) | |
| ≥3 | 18 (6.2) | 20 (1.7) | |
| Miscarriage | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 201 (69.1) | 933 (79.4) | |
| 1 | 69 (23.7) | 199 (16.9) | |
| ≥2 | 21 (7.2) | 43 (3.7) | |
| History of macrosomia | 10 (3.4) | 37 (3.1) | 0.062 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||
| (Mean; SD) | 27.62; SD = 6.2 | 24.22; SD = 4.5 | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 117 (40.2) | 789 (67.2) | |
| 25–29.9 | 83 (28.5) | 268 (22.8) | |
| ≥30 | 91 (31.8) | 118 (10.0) | |
| Smoking | 0.161 | ||
| Never | 110 (37.8) | 504 (42.9) | |
| Ex-smoker | 73 (25.1) | 242 (20.6) | |
| Current smoker | 108 (37.1) | 429 (36.5) | |