Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants, according to achievement of guideline recommended targets.
| Variables | All patients | High-target group >4 targets met (n = 44) | Low-target group ≤4 targets met (n = 31) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient’s demographics and clinical variables | ||||
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 65.8 ± 8 | 65.3 ± 7.5 | 66.5 ± 8.2 | .49 |
| Male sex; n (%) | 34 (45%) | 24 (55%) | 10 (32%) | .05 |
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years); median and interquartile range | 54.6 [52,58] | 54.0 [51.0,58.0] | 54.5 [52.5,58.5] | .26 |
| Age at diagnosis; median and interquartile range | 10 [6,17] | 10.0 [6.0,16.0] | 10.5 [6.0,17.5] | .68 |
| Weight (kg); mean (SD) | 72.6 ± 12.1 | 71.72 ± 12.69 | 74.10 ± 11.16 | .42 |
| BMI; kg/m2; mean (SD) | 26.6 ± 3.8 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 27.4 ± 3.5 | .14 |
| SBP (mmHg); mean (SD) | 131.5 ± 15.9 | 127 ± 10 | 137 ± 19 | <.001 |
| DBP (mmHg); mean (SD) | 67.57 ± 5.02 | 67.27 ± 5.15 | 67.88 ± 4.85 | .31 |
| Heart rate (bpm); mean (SD) | 66.2 ± 10.19 | 66.87 ± 10.54 | 65.16 ± 9.71 | .41 |
| Total daily insulin (units); mean (SD) | 35.6 ± 13.2 | 36 ± 10.75 | 35 ± 15.96 | .79 |
| TCNS total score; median and interquartile range | 6.0 [4.0,10.0] | 7 (4,10) | 5.5 (3.5,10.5) | .66 |
| Biochemical characteristics | ||||
| A1C, n (%) | 7.35 ± 0.83 | 7.13 ± 0.82 | 7.71 ± 0.74 | .003 |
| LDL (mmol/L); mean (SD) | 1.86 ± 0.54 | 1.69 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 0.5 | .001 |
| HDL (mmol/L); mean (SD) | 1.65 ± 0.45 | 1.68 ± 0.42 | 1.61 ± 0.49 | .37 |
| eGFRMDRD (mL/min/ 1.73 m2); mean (SD) | 72.25 ± 17.23 | 76 ± 17 | 65 ± 15 | .007 |
| ACR (spot); mean (SD) | 5.94 ± 1.55 | 3.46 ± 8 | 9.5 ± 18 | .05 |
| Albumin excretion (mg/ 24 h); mean (SD) | 58 ± 19 | 36 ± 110 | 88 ± 230 | .18 |
| Complications | ||||
| DKD present; n (%) | 25 (33%) | 12 (27%) | 13 (40%) | .18 |
| Neuropathy present; n (%) | 65 (89%) | 39 (88%) | 26 (84%) | .89 |
| Retinopathy present (PDR and non-PDR); n (%) | 63 (84%) | 34 (77%) | 29 (93%) | .05 |
| PDR present; n (%) | 39 (52%) | 19 (44%) | 20 (64%) | .17 |
| Cardiovascular disease present; n (%) | 15 (20%) | 7 (15%) | 8 (25%) | .29 |
| Nerve conduction studies and markers for heart rate variability | ||||
| SNCV (μV), mean (SD) | 36 ± 6.2 | 37 ± 6.3 | 34 ± 5.8 | .10 |
| SNAP (μV), mean (SD) | 2.93 ± 2.91 | 3.53 ± 3.22 | 2.03 ± 2 | .03 |
| PNAP (μV), mean (SD) | 1.08 ± 1.49 | 1.97 ± 1.35 | 1.57 ± 1.66 | .39 |
| PNCV (μV), mean (SD) | 36 ± 7.89 | 37 ± 7.2 | 34 ± 8.8 | .14 |
| SDNN (ms); mean (SD) | 39 ± 34 | 38 ± 34 | 41 ± 34 | .61 |
| RMSSD (ms); mean (SD) | 28.88 ± 28.42 | 25.7 ± 24.6 | 33.1 ± 32.7 | .16 |
| Low frequency normalized unit (nu); mean (SD) | 346.09 ± 713.46 | 309 ± 729 | 400 ± 708 | .59 |
| High frequency normalized unit (nu); mean (SD) | 282.31 ± 725.18 | 259 ± 786 | 315 ± 635 | .75 |
| Low frequency/high frequency ratio; mean (SD) | 2.46 ± 2.12 | 2.22 ± 1.84 | 2.87 ± 2.62 | .21 |
ACR: albumin to creatinine ratio; A1C: hemoglobin A1C; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; DSPN: diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy; HF: high-frequency band; LF: low-frequency band; NPDR: non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PNAP: peroneal nerve action potential; PNCV: peroneal nerve conduction velocity; RMSDDs: root mean square of successive heartbeat interval differences; SD: standard deviation; SDNN: standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; SNAP: sural sensory nerve action potential; SNCV: sural sensory nerve conduction velocity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TCNS: Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score.
Significance at p < .05.