Figure 2.

Resveratrol pathways in immune function: resveratrol activates Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) inhibiting RelA acetylation and promotes inhibitor protein-κBα (IkBα) degradation, which decreases nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-induced expression of tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-α), interrleukin (IL)-1β, IL(-6), metalloproteases (MMPs), and cyclooxygenase Cox-2. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels trigger protein kinase A (PKA), which activates Sirt1. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the activity of Sirt1 by regulating the cellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺). In the downstream activation of AMPK, an increase of NAD⁺ levels induces Sirt1 activation, which promotes deacetylation and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α).