Table 1.
Usual nutrient intake and percent less than the estimated average requirement for the U.S. population 2 years of age and older by race/ethnicity, NHANES 2009–2012 1–3.
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Other Race/Ethnicity 4 | |||||
| Nutrient | Usual Intake | %<EAR | Usual Intake | %<EAR | Usual Intake | %<EAR | Usual Intake | %<EAR |
| Vitamin A, µg RAE/day 5–6 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 456 ± 0.2 | 64.8 ± 2.0 | 366 ± 0.2 | 75.6 ± 1.8 | 406 ± 0.2 | 66.2 ± 1.4 | 435 ± 0.4 | 62.7 ± 2.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 689 ± 0.4 | 31.8 ± 1.8 | 529 ± 0.4 | 49.9 ± 2.4 | 591 ± 0.4 | 39.2 ± 1.4 | 620 ± 0.6 | 37 ± 1.8 |
| + Dietary supplements | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vitamin D, µg/day 7–8 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 5.4 ± 0.0 | 93.0 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.0 | 96.6 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.0 | 91.2 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.0 | 94.2 ± 1.2 |
| + Dietary supplements | 14.2 ± 0.0 | 64.5 ± 0.6 | 9.5 ± 0.0 | 80.1 ± 0.4 | 8.3 ± 0.0 | 79.0 ± 0.6 | 10.5 ± 0.0 | 71.4 ± 1.0 |
| Vitamin E, mg AT/day 6,9 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 7.5 ± 0.0 | 85.9 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | 88.2 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.0 | 87.1 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 0.0 | 86.2 ± 1.4 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 8.3 ± 0.0 | 79.3 ± 0.8 | 7.2 ± 0.0 | 84.2 ± 0.6 | 7.1 ± 0.0 | 82.6 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 0.0 | 80.5 ± 1.8 |
| + Dietary supplements | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Vitamin C, mg/day 9 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 62.9 ± 0.0 | 53.1 ± 1.4 | 55.1 ± 0.0 | 56.2 ± 1.8 | 67.1 ± 0.0 | 41.8 ± 1.4 | 67.3 ± 0.0 | 43.4 ± 2.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 82.1 ± 0.0 | 38.1 ± 1.0 | 86.1 ± 0.0 | 32.0 ± 1.8 | 94.3 ± 0.0 | 25.3 ± 1.4 | 89.1 ± 0.2 | 29.6 ± 2.2 |
| + Dietary supplements | 156 ± 0.4 | 27.3 ± 0.6 | 125 ± 0.6 | 27.0 ± 1.4 | 121 ± 0.2 | 22.1 ± 1.2 | 142 ± 0.4 | 23.0 ± 1.6 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/day 10 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 16.9 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 18.1 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 11.1 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 11.0 ± 1.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 7.4 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 6.0 ± 0.6 |
| + Dietary supplements | 4.9 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.0 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.0 | 4.5 ± 0.6 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/day 10 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 4.2 ± 0.0 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.0 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.0 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 5.4 ± 0.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 5.5 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.0 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.4 |
| + Dietary supplements | 44.6 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 21.2 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 17.9 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 29.1 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
| Folate, µg DFE/day 10,11 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 216 ± 0.2 | 82.2 ± 0.8 | 177 ± 0.2 | 89.2 ± 0.6 | 207 ± 0.2 | 78.3 ± 1.4 | 212 ± 0.2 | 77.9 ± 1.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 559 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 475 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 1.0 | 551 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 576 ± 0.4 | 5.3 ± 1.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 765 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 588 ± 0.6 | 11.5 ± 0.8 | 642 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 725 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 0.8 |
| Thiamin, mg/day 10 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 40.4 ± 1.6 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 55.0 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 41.4 ± 1.6 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 39.9 ± 2.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 4.5 ± 0.6 |
| + Dietary supplements | 4.8 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.0 | 3.6 ± 0.6 |
| Riboflavin, mg/day 10 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 26.6 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 14.5 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 16.5 ± 1.6 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 7.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 4.9 ± 0.6 |
| + Dietary supplements | 4.1 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.0 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 4.0 ± 0.4 |
| Niacin, mg/day 10 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 17.7 ± 0.0 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 16.6 ± 0.0 | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 16.3 ± 0.0 | 9.5 ± 1.0 | 16.5 ± 0.0 | 9.5 ± 1.2 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 24.8 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 22.9 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 23.4 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 23.1 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
| + Dietary supplements | 34.1 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 27.1 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 26.2 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 27.8 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.2 |
| Iron, mg/day 5 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 17.7 ± 0.0 | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 8.3 ± 0.0 | 19.6 ± 1.0 | 8.9 ± 0.0 | 13.9 ± 1.0 | 8.9 ± 0.0 | 15.7 ± 1.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 24.8 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 13.7 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 15.1 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 14.6 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.2 |
| + Dietary supplements | 34.1 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 16.2 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 16.8 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.2 |
| Zinc, mg/day 5 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 10.4 ± 0.0 | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 9.1 ± 0.0 | 28.9 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 0.0 | 19.3 ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 0.0 | 22.8 ± 1.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 11.5 ± 0.0 | 15.2 ± 1.0 | 9.9 ± 0.0 | 23.3 ± 1.4 | 10.9 ± 0.0 | 15.2 ± 0.8 | 10.6 ± 0.0 | 18.1 ± 1.4 |
| + Dietary supplements | 15.3 ± 0.0 | 11.0 ± 0.8 | 11.8 ± 0.0 | 20.0 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 0.0 | 13.5 ± 0.8 | 13.0 ± 0.0 | 14.6 ± 1.2 |
| Calcium, mg/day 7–8 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 984 ± 0.4 | 42.8 ± 1.0 | 778 ± 0.4 | 65.4 ± 1.6 | 943 ± 0.4 | 46.1 ± 1.6 | 828 ± 0.6 | 58.1 ± 2.4 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1065 ± 0.4 | 35.6 ± 0.8 | 850 ± 0.6 | 57.3 ± 1.6 | 1025 ± 0.6 | 38.3 ± 1.4 | 897 ± 0.8 | 50.6 ± 2.6 |
| + Dietary supplements | 1213 ± 0.6 | 26.5 ± 0.6 | 914 ± 0.6 | 51.5 ± 1.6 | 1083 ± 0.6 | 34.3 ± 1.2 | 981 ± 1.0 | 43.4 ± 2.4 |
| Magnesium, mg/day 8 | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 292 ± 0.2 | 45.8 ± 1.2 | 243 ± 0.2 | 57.2 ± 1.2 | 278 ± 0.2 | 41.0 ± 1.4 | 277 ± 0.2 | 43.8 ± 1.8 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 296 ± 0.2 | 44.5 ± 1.2 | 245 ± 0.2 | 56.5 ± 1.2 | 281 ± 0.2 | 40.3 ± 1.4 | 280 ± 0.2 | 43.0 ± 2.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 320 ± 0.2 | 38.5 ± 1.2 | 256 ± 0.2 | 53.2 ± 1.2 | 289 ± 0.2 | 38.0 ± 1.4 | 291 ± 0.2 | 39.7 ± 2.0 |
| Potassium, mg/day 12,13 | % >AI | % >AI | % >AI | % >AI | ||||
| Naturally occurring | 2668 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2239 ± 1.2 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 2539 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2477 ± 1.8 | 1.7 ± 0.4 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2689 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2253 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 2550 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2492 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
| + Dietary supplements | 2703 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2259 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 2555 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2498 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 0.4 |
1 Mean ± standard error. 2 Data Source: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009–2012 [17]. 3 Usual intake distribution estimated using the National Cancer Institute Method for individuals 2 years of age and older, including pregnant and lactating women. Accessible via https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/method.html. 4 Other race/ethnicity included non-Hispanic persons reporting multiple races. 5 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) [21]. 6 A supplements file is not currently available for Vitamins A and E in NHANES for 2009–2012, and it will be released at a later date. 7 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011) [27]. 8 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997) [22]. 9 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) [28]. 10 Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) [19]. 11 Folate EAR is presented as dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or supplement consumed with food = 5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. 12 Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) [20]. 13 The AI approach was used for potassium. U.S., United States. NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. EAR, estimated average requirement. RAE, retinol activity equivalents. AT, a-tocopherol. DFE, dietary folate equivalents. AI, adequate intake.