Table 2.
Usual nutrient intake for the U.S. population 2 years of age and older by race/ethnicity and poverty index ratio category, NHANES 2009–2012 1–3.
| Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | Other Race/Ethnicity 4 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIR Category | PIR Category | PIR Category | PIR Category | |||||||||
| Nutrient | <131% | 131–185% | >185% | <131% | 131–185% | >185% | <131% | 131–185% | >185% | <131% | 131–185% | >185% |
| Vitamin A, µg RAE/day 5,6 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 406 (0.4) | 422 (0.6) | 476 (0.4) | 336 (0.4) | 354 (0.6) | 402 (0.4) | 383 (0.4) | 400 (0.6) | 453 (0.4) | 393 (0.8) | 404 (1.2) | 455 (0.6) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 624 (0.6) | 646 (1.0) | 714 (0.4) | 498 (0.6) | 517 (1.0) | 568 (0.6) | 569 (0.6) | 580 (1.0) | 647 (0.6) | 567 (1.0) | 578 (1.6) | 643 (0.8) |
| + Dietary supplements | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Vitamin D, µg/day 7,8 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 5.5 (0.0) | 5.3 (0.0) | 5.4 (0.0) | 4.6 (0.0) | 4.4 (0.0) | 4.3 (0.0) | 5.9 (0.0) | 5.6 (0.0) | 5.7 (0.0) | 5.1 (0.0) | 5.0 (0.0) | 5.2 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 11.6 (0.2) | 11.6 (0.0) | 14.7 (0.0) | 9.0 (0.2) | 7.7 (0.0) | 10.9 (0.0) | 7.9 (0.0) | 7.3 (0.0) | 9.5 (0.0) | 8.1 (0.0) | 9.8 (0.0) | 12.4 (0.0) |
| Vitamin E, mg AT/day 6,9 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 6.6 (0.0) | 6.9 (0.0) | 7.9 (0.0) | 6.1 (0.0) | 6.5 (0.0) | 7.6 (0.0) | 6.2 (0.0) | 6.6 (0.0) | 7.5 (0.0) | 6.1 (0.0) | 6.4 (0.0) | 7.3 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 7.2 (0.0) | 7.5 (0.0) | 8.7 (0.0) | 6.5 (0.0) | 6.9 (0.0) | 8.2 (0.0) | 6.6 (0.0) | 7.0 (0.0) | 8.2 (0.0) | 6.7 (0.0) | 6.9 (0.0) | 8.0 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Vitamin C, mg/day 9 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 50.6 (0.0) | 56.8 (0.2) | 67.1 (0.0) | 47.1 (0.0) | 53.9 (0.2) | 64.5 (0.2) | 59.5 (0.0) | 66.1 (0.2) | 78.8 (0.2) | 56.8 (0.2) | 60.8 (0.2) | 71.6 (0.2) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 71.4 (0.0) | 75.8 (0.2) | 85.6 (0.0) | 79.4 (0.2) | 84.0 (0.2) | 93.8 (0.2) | 88.7 (0.2) | 91.9 (0.2) | 104.6 (0.2) | 79.4 (0.2) | 81.7 (0.4) | 92.8 (0.2) |
| + Dietary supplements | 116 (0.4) | 137 (0.8) | 177 (0.6) | 99.2 (0.4) | 107 (0.6) | 161 (1.4) | 103 (0.2) | 114 (0.4) | 152 (0.6) | 109 (0.6) | 157 (2.6) | 156 (0.6) |
| Vitamin B6, mg/day 10 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1.9 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | 2.2 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 3.5 (0.0) | 4.1 (0.0) | 5.7 (0.0) | 2.4 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.0) | 3.7 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.0) | 2.8 (0.0) | 3.9 (0.0) | 3.4 (0.0) | 2.7 (0.0) | 3.7 (0.0) |
| Vitamin B12, µg/day 10 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 4.1 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 4.3 (0.0) | 3.6 (0.0) | 3.6 (0.0) | 3.8 (0.0) | 3.9 (0.0) | 3.9 (0.0) | 4.1 (0.0) | 3.7 (0.0) | 3.7 (0.0) | 3.9 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 5.4 (0.0) | 5.2 (0.0) | 5.5 (0.0) | 4.6 (0.0) | 4.4 (0.0) | 4.7 (0.0) | 5.0 (0.0) | 4.9 (0.0) | 5.2 (0.0) | 4.7 (0.0) | 4.6 (0.0) | 4.9 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 37.5 (0.4) | 41.8 (1.0) | 45.3 (0.4) | 13.7 (0.4) | 15.2 (0.4) | 32.4 (0.4) | 10.8 (0.2) | 14.7 (0.4) | 31.8 (0.6) | 22.5 (0.6) | 21.8 (0.8) | 37.6 (0.8) |
| Folate, µg DFE/day 10,11 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 193 (0.2) | 199 (0.2) | 226 (0.2) | 159 (0.2) | 169 (0.2) | 198 (0.2) | 192 (0.2) | 203 (0.4) | 231 (0.2) | 192 (0.4) | 197 (0.6) | 222 (0.2) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 533 (0.4) | 531 (0.8) | 569 (0.4) | 458 (0.4) | 464 (0.8) | 497 (0.4) | 536 (0.4) | 542 (0.8) | 578 (0.6) | 550 (0.8) | 553 (1.4) | 589 (0.6) |
| + Dietary supplements | 671 (0.8) | 710 (1.8) | 815 (0.8) | 538 (0.8) | 585 (1.6) | 639 (1.0) | 603 (0.8) | 627 (1.4) | 710 (1.0) | 664 (1.6) | 688 (2.6) | 765 (1.4) |
| Thiamin, mg/day 10 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 4.7 (0.2) | 3.8 (0.0) | 5.1 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 2.6 (0.0) | 3.0 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.0) | 3.4 (0.0) | 2.9 (0.0) | 4.1 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.0) |
| Riboflavin, mg/day 10 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.0) | 1.2 (0.0) | 1.3 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 1.3 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2.1 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.0) | 2.3 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.0) | 1.9 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 3.2 (0.0) | 3.5 (0.0) | 4.5 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.0) | 2.3 (0.0) | 3.1 (0.0) | 2.4 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.0) | 3.5 (0.0) | 2.8 (0.0) | 2.9 (0.0) | 3.3 (0.0) |
| Niacin, mg/day 10 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 16.4 (0.0) | 16.4 (0.0) | 18.2 (0.0) | 15.4 (0.0) | 15.9 (0.0) | 18.1 (0.0) | 15.5 (0.0) | 16.2 (0.0) | 18.0 (0.0) | 15.5 (0.0) | 15.6 (0.0) | 17.3 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 23.7 (0.0) | 23.3 (0.0) | 25.3 (0.0) | 21.9 (0.0) | 22.0 (0.0) | 24.3 (0.0) | 22.7 (0.0) | 23.1 (0.0) | 25.1 (0.0) | 22.2 (0.0) | 22.1 (0.0) | 23.9 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 28.6 (0.0) | 29.1 (0.0) | 37.3 (0.2) | 24.0 (0.0) | 24.8 (0.0) | 31.6 (0.2) | 24.4 (0.0) | 25.2 (0.0) | 30.1 (0.0) | 25 (0.0) | 25.8 (0.0) | 30.2 (0.2) |
| Iron, mg/day 5 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 8.7 (0.0) | 8.7 (0.0) | 9.6 (0.0) | 7.8 (0.0) | 8.0 (0.0) | 9.0 (0.0) | 8.5 (0.0) | 8.8 (0.0) | 9.7 (0.0) | 8.3 (0.0) | 8.4 (0.0) | 9.1 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 14.8 (0.0) | 14.7 (0.0) | 15.6 (0.0) | 13.2 (0.0) | 13.3 (0.0) | 14.2 (0.0) | 14.8 (0.0) | 14.8 (0.0) | 15.8 (0.0) | 14.1 (0.0) | 14 (0.0) | 14.9 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 17.3 (0.0) | 17.9 (0.0) | 19.4 (0.0) | 15.6 (0.0) | 16.6 (0.0) | 16.8 (0.0) | 16.6 (0.0) | 16.2 (0.0) | 18.0 (0.0) | 15.5 (0.0) | 17.4 (0.2) | 17.0 (0.0) |
| Zinc, mg/day 5 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 9.8 (0.0) | 9.7 (0.0) | 10.6 (0.0) | 8.7 (0.0) | 8.7 (0.0) | 9.7 (0.0) | 9.6 (0.0) | 9.8 (0.0) | 10.6 (0.0) | 9.2 (0.0) | 9.2 (0.0) | 10.0 (0.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 11.0 (0.0) | 10.9 (0.0) | 11.8 (0.0) | 9.6 (0.0) | 9.6 (0.0) | 10.5 (0.0) | 10.6 (0.0) | 10.7 (0.0) | 11.5 (0.0) | 10.2 (0.0) | 10.1 (0.0) | 10.9 (0.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 13.4 (0.0) | 14.0 (0.0) | 16.4 (0.0) | 10.9 (0.0) | 11.5 (0.0) | 13.1 (0.0) | 11.7 (0.0) | 11.9 (0.0) | 13.9 (0.0) | 11.7 (0.0) | 12 (0.0) | 14.0 (0.0) |
| Calcium, mg/day 7,8 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 960 (0.8) | 946 (1.2) | 999 (0.6) | 770 (0.6) | 763 (1.2) | 800 (0.8) | 933 (0.6) | 932 (1.2) | 977 (0.8) | 791 (1.2) | 801 (1.8) | 847 (1.0) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1036 (0.8) | 1024 (1.4) | 1079 (0.6) | 842 (0.8) | 836 (1.4) | 872 (0.8) | 1015 (0.8) | 1013 (1.4) | 1062 (1.0) | 858 (1.4) | 867 (2.2) | 918 (1.0) |
| + Dietary supplements | 1130 (1.0) | 1158 (1.8) | 1258 (0.8) | 878 (0.8) | 911 (1.6) | 963 (1.0) | 1054 (0.8) | 1060 (1.4) | 1150 (1.2) | 920 (1.6) | 918 (2.4) | 1018 (1.4) |
| Magnesium, mg/day 8 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 266 (0.2) | 273 (0.4) | 303 (0.2) | 224 (0.2) | 235 (0.4) | 266 (0.2) | 262 (0.2) | 275 (0.4) | 305 (0.2) | 256 (0.4) | 263 (0.6) | 290 (0.4) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 270 (0.2) | 277 (0.4) | 307 (0.2) | 226 (0.2) | 237 (0.4) | 269 (0.2) | 264 (0.2) | 277 (0.4) | 308 (0.2) | 258 (0.4) | 264 (0.6) | 292 (0.4) |
| + Dietary supplements | 284 (0.2) | 298 (0.6) | 337 (0.2) | 231 (0.2) | 246 (0.4) | 286 (0.4) | 271 (0.2) | 282 (0.4) | 322 (0.4) | 266 (0.4) | 272 (0.6) | 307 (0.4) |
| Potassium, g/day 12,13 | ||||||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 2476 (1.8) | 2520 (3.0) | 2755 (1.4) | 2089 (1.8) | 2165 (3.0) | 2412 (2.0) | 2429 (1.6) | 2511 (3.0) | 2746 (2.2) | 2320 (3.2) | 2354 (5) | 2561 (2.6) |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2494 (1.8) | 2535 (3.0) | 2775 (1.4) | 2101 (1.8) | 2174 (3.0) | 2426 (2.0) | 2439 (1.6) | 2517 (3.0) | 2758 (2.2) | 2336 (3.2) | 2366 (5) | 2579 (2.6) |
| + Dietary supplements | 2502 (1.8) | 2547 (3.0) | 2793 (1.4) | 2104 (1.8) | 2180 (3.0) | 2434 (2.0) | 2442 (1.6) | 2520 (3.0) | 2768 (2.2) | 2341 (3.2) | 2370 (5) | 2586 (2.6) |
1 Mean ± standard error.2 Data Source: What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009–2012 [17]. 3 Usual intake distribution estimated using the National Cancer Institute Method for individuals 2 years of age and older, including pregnant and lactating women. Accessible via https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/method.html. 4 The other race/ethnicity group included non-Hispanic persons reporting multiple races. 5 Dietary reference intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) [21]. 6 A supplements file is not currently available for Vitamins A and E in NHANES for 2009–2012, and it will be released at a later date. 7 Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D (2011) [27]. 8 Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride (1997) [22]. 9 Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids (2000) [28]. 10 Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline (1998) [19]. 11 Folate EAR is presented as dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or supplement consumed with food = 5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. 12 Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate (2005) [20]. 13 The AI approach was used for potassium. U.S., United States. NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PIR, poverty index ratio. RAE, retinol activity equivalents. AT, a-tocopherol. DFE, dietary folate equivalents. The shading present differentiate between the three PIR categories.