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. 2019 May 18;20(10):2461. doi: 10.3390/ijms20102461

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Schematic and principle of graphene-based optical biosensor (GOB) sensing. (b) The direct detection of a weak RI change generated by an ultrasonic wave. (c) The response time of the GOB. (d) Detection of cancer cell responses to paclitaxel. (e) The time-resolved RI changes in LoVo cells with 80 nM and 6 μM paclitaxel solution. The right is an enlarged image of the left, and the slope analysis of the initial responses. (f) Tubulin polymerization and total mass analysis of LoVo cells treated with paclitaxel at different time points. Reproduced from [80] with permission of the Sensors and Actuators B.