Table 1.
Frequency distribution of respondents by different characteristics, The 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey.
| All | Stunted | Bivariate Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | OR | (95%CI) | p | |
| Region and Place of residence | |||||||
| Region | |||||||
| Java and Bali | 13,940 | (56.5) | 4417 | (31.7) | 1.00 | ||
| Sumatera | 5445 | (22.1) | 1942 | (35.7) | 1.34 | (1.13–1.59) | 0.001 |
| Nusa Tenggara Bara and Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTB/NTT) | 1031 | (4.2) | 424 | (41.1) | 1.82 | (1.82–2.57) | 0.001 |
| Kalimantan and Sulawesi | 3526 | (14.3) | 1255 | (35.6) | 1.36 | (1.36–1.70) | 0.007 |
| Maluku and Papua | 715 | (2.9) | 278 | (38.9) | 1.59 | (1.59–1.92) | <0.001 |
| Place of Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 12,792 | (51.9) | 3904 | (30.5) | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 11,865 | (48.1) | 4412 | (37.2) | 1.32 | (1.18–1.47) | <0.001 |
| Household and Housing characteristics | |||||||
| Number of household members under five years | |||||||
| 1 | 19,132 | (77.6) | 6364 | (33.3) | 1.00 | ||
| 2 | 5010 | (20.3) | 1736 | (34.6) | 1.04 | (0.93–1.18) | 0.480 |
| 3+ | 515 | (2.1) | 216 | (42.0) | 1.37 | (1.07–1.75) | 0.013 |
| Number of household members | |||||||
| 2–4 | 12,556 | (50.9) | 4075 | (32.5) | 1.00 | ||
| 5–7 | 10,645 | (43.2) | 3731 | (35.1) | 1.13 | (1.05–1.21) | 0.001 |
| 8+ | 1456 | (5.9) | 509 | (35.0) | 1.12 | (0.87–1.42) | 0.380 |
| Household wealth index | |||||||
| Quintile 1 (Wealthiest) | 5016 | (20.3) | 1441 | (28.7) | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 | 6397 | (25.9) | 1944 | (30.4) | 1.20 | (1.08–1.34) | 0.001 |
| Quintile 3 (Middle) | 5392 | (21.9) | 1843 | (34.2) | 1.39 | (1.14–1.69) | 0.001 |
| Quintile 4 | 4267 | (17.3) | 1623 | (38.0) | 1.66 | (1.42–1.94) | <0.001 |
| Quintile 5 (Poorest) | 3585 | (14.5) | 1465 | (40.9) | 1.79 | (1.57–2.05) | <0.001 |
| Maternal and paternal characteristics | |||||||
| Mother’s education status | |||||||
| Academy | 2106 | (8.5) | 612 | (29.1) | 1.00 | ||
| High School | 7254 | (29.4) | 2222 | (30.6) | 1.07 | (0.92–1.23) | 0.384 |
| Middle School | 6204 | (25.2) | 2136 | (34.4) | 1.31 | (1.13–1.51) | <0.001 |
| Primary school/no school | 8845 | (35.9) | 3261 | (36.9) | 1.40 | (1.17–1.66) | <0.001 |
| Father’s education status | |||||||
| Academy | 1964 | (8.0) | 565 | (28.8) | 1.00 | ||
| High School | 7890 | (32.0) | 2401 | (30.4) | 1.07 | (0.92–1.24) | 0.412 |
| Middle School | 5156 | (20.9) | 1776 | (34.5) | 1.32 | (1.05–1.67) | 0.017 |
| Primary school/no school | 8315 | (33.7) | 3113 | (37.4) | 1.47 | (1.24–1.73) | <0.001 |
| Mother’s employment status | |||||||
| Housewife | 17,131 | (69.5) | 5670 | (33.1) | 1.00 | ||
| Working | 7278 | (29.5) | 2560 | (35.2) | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 0.323 |
| Father’s employment status | |||||||
| Not working | 715 | (2.9) | 217 | (30.4) | 1.00 | ||
| Working | 22,611 | (91.7) | 7638 | (33.8) | 1.30 | (0.91–1.85) | 0.145 |
| Maternal age at childbirth | |||||||
| 20–29 years | 13,421 | (54.4) | 4391 | (32.7) | 1.00 | ||
| <20 years | 2336 | (9.5) | 854 | (36.6) | 1.21 | (1.01–1.44) | 0.043 |
| 30–39 years | 7897 | (32.0) | 2732 | (34.6) | 1.12 | (0.99–1.26) | 0.069 |
| >40 years | 755 | (3.1) | 253 | (33.6) | 1.04 | (0.83–1.30) | 0.709 |
| Antenatal care (ANC) services | |||||||
| Number of ANC visits | |||||||
| 4 or more ANC visits | 20,612 | (83.6) | 6739 | (32.7) | 1.00 | ||
| 1–3 ANC visits | 2895 | (11.7) | 1147 | (39.6) | 1.33 | (1.18–1.50) | <0.001 |
| No ANC visit | 964 | (3.9) | 349 | (36.2) | 1.11 | (0.88–1.40) | 0.385 |
| Number of iron/folic acid (IFA) supplements used during pregnancy | |||||||
| No IFA used | 2469 | (10.0) | 860 | (34.8) | 1.00 | ||
| <90 IFA used | 8629 | (35.0) | 3050 | (35.4) | 1.05 | (0.87–1.27) | 0.606 |
| 90 and more IFA used | 8661 | (35.1) | 2735 | (31.6) | 0.88 | (0.71–1.10) | 0.278 |
| Do not remember | 4898 | (19.9) | 1671 | (34.1) | 0.94 | (0.75–1.19) | 0.627 |
| Child characteristics | |||||||
| Sex of baby | |||||||
| Male | 12,323 | (50.0) | 3897 | (31.6) | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 12,334 | (50.0) | 4419 | (35.8) | 1.31 | (1.21–1.41) | <0.001 |
| Ever breastfed | |||||||
| Ever breastfed | 23,148 | (93.9) | 7793 | (33.7) | 1.00 | ||
| Never breastfed | 1509 | (6.1) | 523 | (34.7) | 1.11 | (0.91–1.35) | 0.317 |
| Child had diarrhea during the last two weeks | |||||||
| No | 21,851 | (88.6) | 7339 | (33.6) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes, ≤2 weeks ago | 1712 | (6.9) | 617 | (36.0) | 1.11 | (0.93–1.34) | 0.238 |
| Yes, >2 weeks ago | 1088 | (4.4) | 359 | (33.0) | 1.01 | (0.85–1.20) | 0.899 |
| Child Age | |||||||
| <12 months | 11,749 | (47.7) | 3331 | (28.4) | 1.00 | ||
| 12–23 months | 12,908 | (52.4) | 4985 | (38.6) | 1.89 | (1.53–2.34) | <0.001 |
| Weight at birth | |||||||
| ≥2500 | 15,237 | (61.8) | 4781 | (31.4) | 1.00 | ||
| <2500 | 1003 | (4.1) | 489 | (48.8) | 2.56 | (2.09–3.15) | <0.001 |
| Don’t know | 8417 | (34.1) | 3045 | (36.2) | 1.30 | (1.11–1.51) | 0.001 |
| Age of pregnancy at birth | |||||||
| 37–40 weeks | 10,074 | (40.9) | 3387 | (33.6) | 1.00 | ||
| <37 weeks | 7846 | (31.8) | 2901 | (37.0) | 1.21 | (1.05–1.40) | 0.007 |
| >40 weeks | 6733 | (27.3) | 2028 | (30.1) | 0.85 | (0.72–0.99) | 0.039 |