Table 1.

Loading efficiency and release kinetics of organic antibacterial agents loaded inside halloysite nanotubes.

№	Anticeptic	Chemical Formula, Molecular Mass (g/mol.)	Loading Procedure	Loading Efficiency, wt %	Release Kinetics	Application	Reference
1	Gentamicin	C21H43N5O7, 477.6	Vacuum cycling, washing	11	94% after 48 h (halloysite_gentamicin); 60% in 10.4 days (PMMA_ halloysite_gentamicin composite)	Bone cement	[38]
2	Brilliant Green	C27H33N2HO4S, 482.64	Vacuum cycling, washing	15–20	96% after 5 h, 99.9% after 1.1 day (Halloysite-PCL Scaffold); Cu-BTA coated BG/halloysite 99% after 8.3 days	poly-e-caprolactone scaffolds	[49,50]
3	Metronidazole	C6H9N3O3, 171.2	mixing	25	Metronidazole/halloysite 70% after 10 h; Polycaprolactone/gelatin polymer/Metronidazole/halloysite 90% after 15 days	anti-infective GTR/GBR implant membrane	[104]
4	Chlorhexidine	C22H30Cl2N10, 505.45	Vacuum cycling, washing	15–20	85% after 4 h	Scaffolds, wound repair, patient recovery.	[49]
	Chlorhexidine gluconate	C34H54Cl2N10O14, 897.76	Vacuum cycling, washing		25% after 1 h	Cotton fabric coating	[58]
5	Povidone iodine	C6H9I2NO, 364.95	Vacuum cycling, washing	15–20	76% after 6.5 h	Scaffolds, wound repair, patient recovery.	[49]
6	Doxycyclin	C22H24N2O8, 444,43	Vacuum cycling, washing	15–20	99% after 4 h	Scaffolds, wound repair, patient recovery.	[49]
7	Iodine	I2, 253,8		15–20	93% after 5 h	Scaffolds, wound repair, patient recovery.	[49]
8	Vancomycin	C66H75Cl2N9O24, 1449.3	Vacuum cycling + sonication, washing	15	50% at pH 7 after 1 day 74% at pH 7 after 5 weeks	local antibiotic delivery systems	[52]
9	Tetracycline base	C22H24N2O8, 444.4	vacuum cycling, two step loading	39	Hall coated with chitosan 80% after 16 days	Periodontitis treatment	[53]
	Tetracycline hydrochloride	C22H25ClN2O8, 480.9	vacuum cycling, two step loading	42,6	TCH/HNTs/89.4% after 24 h; TCH/HNTs/PLGA composite nanofibers 16–18% after 24 h; 68–76% after 42 days	drug-loaded electrospun nanofibers	[57]
10	Amoxicillin	C16H19N3O5S, 365,4	Vacuum cycling, washing		halloysite nanotubes/AMX 43% after 24 h; poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/halloysite g/mol,nanotubes/AMX/chitosan nanofibers 36% after 24 h	Wound healing	[56]
11	Salicylic acid	C7H6O3, 138,12	Vacuum cycling, washing	10.5	60% after 10 h; 100% after 50 h	Active packaging for food industry	[60]
12	Polymyxin B sulfate	C56H100N16O17S, 1301.57	Vacuum cycling, washing	13	gelatin-based nanocomposites 50% after 70 h
13	Carvacrol	C10H14O, 150,22	Sonication	33	LDPE/(HNTs/carvacrol hybrid diffusion coefficient of 4.22 * 10−11 m2 s−1	Active packaging for food industry	[62,63,64]
14	Thyme oil (TO)	Variable mol. mass, Mixture of compounds	sonication	5–7	TO/HTNs on air 69% after 9 day; TO/capped HNTs 33% after 9 days; TO/polymer coated HNTs 28% after 9 days	Paining for food packaging	[65]
15	Rosemary essential oil	Variable mol. mass, Mixture of compounds	Vacuum cycling	~50	Nano-hybrid/pectin 25% after 4 h; 90% after 28 days	biodegradable materials for packaging	[66]