Effect of leaf extract and brain penetrated compounds on dedrite growth in cortical neurons. (A) Cortical neurons were cultured for three days and then treated with or without the leaf extract (ESL, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL). Four days after treatment, the cells were fixed and immunostained for MAP2. The density of MAP2-positive dendrites was quantified for each treatment (*** P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test, n = 58–72). (B) Cortical neurons were cultured for three days and then treated with or without ciwujianoside C3 (C3), eleutheroside M (M), ciwujianoside B (B) (each 1 and 10 μM). Four days after treatment, the cells were fixed and immunostained for MAP2. The density of MAP2-positive dendrites was quantified for each treatment (* P < 0.05, *** P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test, n = 51–105).