Table 2.

Studies illustrating clinical manifestations and outcomes of strongyloidiasis in Ethiopians

Population	Clinical manifestations	Detection method	Reference
427 patients 15 years and above who were requested for stool examination in Adwa Health Center during the study period.	Study participants infected with S. stercoralis were more likely to develop anemia than the non-infected participants; aOR (adjusted odds ratio) = 5.3, 95% CI (1.01–27.4);	Stool examination (wet mount and Kato-Katz microscopy techniques)	[17, 18]
14-year-old Ethiopian girl adopted in Italy	Severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.9 g/dL) and a lung nodule	Stool examination (qPCR positive (primer information not provided) but negative for formalin-ether microscopy) Serology positive (IgG antibodies)	[46]
13 months old Ethiopian adoptee in Canada	Eosinophilia and bloating	Stool examination and serology (serology was negative – antibody information not provided)	[47]
21 month Ethiopian adoptee in Spain	No eosinophilia, loose and pasty stool, anemia	Stool examination (charcoal culture) and serology (serology negative - antibody information not provided)	[48]
4 immunocompromised Ethiopian immigrants in Israel	Meningitis	qPCR of stool and Cerebrospinal fluid (qPCR using S. stercoralis-specific primers targeting the 18S ribosomal subunit, as described by Verweij et al. (2009))	[49]
8 AIDS patients with severe strongyloidiasis 7/8 cases were fatal	1. Fever, vomiting and hematemesis, abdominal pain, E. coli bacteremia and respiratory distress 2. Recurrent admissions due to fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, respiratory distress and cough 3. Vomiting and diarrhea 4. E. coli bacteremia of unknown origin 5. Vomiting and diarrhea 6. Postpartum sepsis, K. pneumonia bacteremia and & respiratory failure 7. E. coli bacteremia followed by ESBL pos. E. coli meningitis 8. Abdominal pain and hematemesis, followed by sepsis-like syndrome and respiratory failure	Serology negative (or not determined) in all cases (antibody information not provided) Duodenal biopsy, intestinal biopsy, stool O&P, duodenal aspirate, gastric aspirate, CSF sputum	[50]
50-year-old Ethiopian immigrant in USA	Recurrent GIT bleeding; eosinophilia, central obesity, severe proximal muscle wasting and weakness - hyperinfection	Histopathological examination of gGIT biopsies	[51]
180 pediatric HIV/AIDS patients	Anemia	Stool examination (formalin-ether concentration microscopy technique)	[31]
36-year-old HIV patient	Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and severe hypoxemia - hyperinfection	Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology	[52]
31-year-old male Ethiopian immigrant in Canada	Mild eosinophilia and diarrhea	Serology (antibody information not provided)	[53]
Immunocompromised Ethiopian immigrant in Israel	Intermittent eosinophilia, bronchial spasm and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Duodenal biopsy and duodenal aspirates	[54]
378 consecutive participants Hawassa Teaching and Referral Hospital (214 HIV positive and 164 HIV negative)	Diarrhea and lower CD4 count	Stool examination (formalin–ether concentration microscopy technique)	[43]

AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, GIT Gastrointestinal tract, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, O&P Ova and parasite examination, qPCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction