Table 4.
Correlation between Quantitiy/Quality of Clinics and Health Outcomes (Individual-level analysis)
| Antenatal care (at least 1) | Antenatal care (at least 4) | Institutional delivery | Postnatal care | Complete Vaccination | HAZ | Stunting | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
| % high HF within 5 km | 0.243*** (0.023) | 0.214*** (0.026) | 0.125*** (0.019) | 0.054** (0.026) | 0.095*** (0.022) | 29.258*** (10.451) | −0.046* (0.025) |
| % high-middle HF within 5 km | 0.170*** (0.021) | 0.195*** (0.024) | 0.052*** (0.018) | 0.048** (0.024) | 0.047** (0.020) | 7.674 (9.612) | −0.004 (0.023) |
| % low-middle HF within 5 km | 0.187*** (0.022) | 0.183*** (0.024) | 0.038** (0.018) | 0.070*** (0.025) | 0.014 (0.021) | 0.752 (9.988) | 0.011 (0.024) |
| % low HF within 5 km(control) | 0.000 (.) | 0.000 (.) | 0.000 (.) | 0.000 (.) | 0.000 (.) | 0.000 (.) | 0.000 (.) |
| Number of health clinics within 5 km | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.001** (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.040 (0.195) | 0.000 (0.000) |
| constant | 0.359*** (0.073) | 0.090 (0.081) | 0.269*** (0.061) | −0.031 (0.083) | −0.059 (0.070) | − 638.953*** (33.522) | 1.404*** (0.082) |
| N | 16,988 | 16,988 | 25,273 | 16,928 | 24,917 | 22,682 | 22,681 |
| r2 | 0.052 | 0.048 | 0.060 | 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.013 |
| LGA FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Notes: Covariates include wealth index, mother’s education in years, marital status, mother’s height, mother’s age, # household members, # household members under 5, rural. The quality of health facility is determined by the following elements; If the clinic has 1) improved water supply, 2) improved sanitation, 3) electricity, 4) refrigerator/freezer for vaccines, 5) antenatal care service, 6) family planning service, 7) malaria treatment service, 8) emergency transport service, 9) child delivery service, 10) skilled birth attendant, 11) caesarian-section service, 12) measles vaccination service. We divide the health facilities into 3 categories – low, middle, and high quality. If the total number of services available out of 11 service is 4 or less, the clinic has low quality. If it is more than 4 but less than 8, then the clinic has middle quality. If it is more than 8, then the clinic has high quality. * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%