Table 1.
Some studies involving aging and CSD.
| Examples of studies illustrating some effects of aging on spreading depression | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Species | References (in alphabetical order) | Condition | Main outcomes |
| Rat | Abadie-Guedes et al., 2016 | The authors recorded CSD in rats of two age-ranges that received acute or chronic ethanol (E), with or without alpha-tocopherol (T) | Increasing age decelerated CSD. E influenced CSD on both ages. T counteracts the ethanol effects on CSD |
| Rat | Barreto et al., 2014 | The authors reviewed the action of ethanol consumption on CSD | The authors postulate that some of the ethanol effects are related with mitochondrial dysfunction with aging |
| Rat | Batista-de-Oliveira et al., 2012 | The authors investigated whether physical exercise, lactation conditions, and aging interact and modulate brain electrophysiology as indexed by CSD | An aging-related CSD deceleration was observed. Unfavorable lactation facilitated CSD, while treadmill exercise impaired it. Failure to elicit CSD by KCl was greater in older rats |
| Rat | Clark et al., 2014 | The authors characterized the SD in young, middle-aged, and old rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion, utilizing multimodal imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes | Age reduced the number of SDs but increased the size of ischemic area displaying prolonged SD. The growth of area generating SD positively correlated with the ischemic core area |
| Human | Fabricius et al., 2006 | Electrographic recordings that were identical to Leao’s CSD, were recorded in acutely brain-injured human patients with various ages | CSDs in acute brain disorders occur at lower incidence in older patients than in younger ones |
| Various | Farkas and Bari, 2014 | The author reviewed studies on animals and humans relating the SD in the ischemic brain with the age of the organism | The authors hypothesize that augmentation of the ischemic lesion in the elderly patients is age-dependent |
| Rat | Farkas et al., 2011 | CSD recording in rats of various ages and brain hypoperfusion | The data suggested a reduced sensitivity of the cortex to CSD elicitation with early aging, and a less responsive cerebrovascular system with chronic hypoperfusion |
| Rat | Guedes et al., 1996 | Evaluation of cortical spreading depression (CSD) propagation in rats and gerbils of various ages | In both species, older animals displayed lower CSD velocities than younger ones; deficiency of dietary antioxidant vitamins abolished this effect |
| Rat | Hertelendy et al., 2017 | In 38 rats (7–30 week-old), CSD was documented by ECoG and DC potential recording | Advancing age and ischemia elevate the electric threshold to elicit CSD |
| Rat | Menyhárt et al., 2015 | KCl-induced SD after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was studied in young and old rats. ECoG, DC potential, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) variations were acquired | Ischemia and age delayed the recovery from SD. CBF decreased during ischemia in the old animals, and inverse neurovascular coupling with SD evolved in the old ischemic group |
| Rat | Menyhárt et al., 2017 | CSD was recorded in 2-months, and 18–20 months old rats under ischemia and reperfusion | Old age changes CSD parameters and its relation with ischemia, suggesting a kind of metabolic dysfunction in the older brain |
| Rat | Sousa et al., 2018 | Adult young and aged rats received a powder extract of murici fruit, which is antioxidant. CSD was recorded and oxidative stress was biochemically evaluated | Aging decreased CSD propagation, catalase activity and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio; increased malondialdehyde concentrations and SOD activity |