Table 2.

Univariate analysis predicting OS, PFS, LRFS, DMFS

Variable	5-year OS		5-year PFS		5-year LRFS		5-year DMFS
	%	p	%	p	%	p	%	p
Age
> 55	76.1	0.201	65	0.596	74.8	0.877	86.8	0.371
≤ 55	61.9		48.8		68		72.7
Sex
Male	70.4	0.461	56.4	0.739	65.9	0.168	84	0.101
Female	64		58.3		93.8		70
Degree of orbital invasiona
Grade I	100	0.043*	91.7	0.041*	91.7	0.223	100	0.121
Grade II/III	61.4		49.2		66.8		75.7
Foote stage
C	72.3	0.026*	61.7	0.046*	73.9	0.449	84.6	0.009*
D	50		37.5		64.3		57.1
Lymph node classification
N0	72.3	0.026*	61.7	0.046*	73.9	0.449	84.6	0.009*
N+	50		37.5		64.3		57.1
Invasion of orbital apex or optic nerve
Yes	62.3	0.173	53	0.154	80.8	0.849	80.8	0.387
No	70.2		59.4		71.4		81.5
Chemotherapy
Yes	65.5	0.335	63.9	0.216	80.3	0.016*	78.4	0.372
No	80.2		37.9		50.5		87.5
Surgical methods
Endoscopic group	73.8	0.796	54.5	0.358	68.1	0.268	84.6	0.8
Open groupb	67.7		46.2		59.2		80
Treatment methods
Radical radiation	63.5	0.847	69.3	0.394	83.9	0.407	83.1	0.885
Radiation + surgery	70.7		53.8		66.3		80.2
Type of radiotherapy
3D-CRT	60.2	0.077	46.9	0.032*	67.7	0.277	71.6	0.028*
IMRT	89.7		79.6		82.8		100
PENI
Yes	80.5	0.689	81.8	0.039*	100	0.004*	85.3	0.762
No	70.1		50		58.1		85.7

Abbreviation: OS overall survival, PFS progression free survival, LRFS locoregional relapse free survival, DMFS distant metastasis free survival, 3D-CRT three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, IMRT intensity-modulated radiotherapy, PENI prophylactic elective neck irradiation

^*Statistically significant, p < 0.05

^aGrade I, bone wall erosion; grade II, invasion of extraconal fat; grade III, involvement of extraocular muscles, eye globe, orbital apex, or optic nerve

^bOpen group included lateral rhinotomy and craniofacial resection