Figure 1.

Workflows of two complementary research tools for extrapolating the disposition and pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials from preclinical animals to humans. Left. Interspecies allometric scaling is a tool for extrapolating pharmacokinetic parameters and doses between species on the basis of empirical pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data. Right. Mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling is a tool for predicting the disposition and pharmacokinetics between species on the basis of disposition profiles and physiological data. These two tools as are complementary approaches for understanding and interpreting the disposition and pharmacokinetics profiles of nanomaterials across species, and for extrapolating these profiles accurately in humans.