Table 1.
Stratification analysis of the relationship between urolithiasis and diet and lifestyle.
| Urolithiasis group n (%) | Control group n (%) | χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 13.362 | 0.010* | ||
| 18–29 | 100 (12.1) | 117 (17.0) | ||
| 30–39 | 149 (18.0) | 103 (14.9) | ||
| 40–49 | 207 (25.0) | 138 (20.0) | ||
| 50–59 | 174 (21.0) | 158 (22.9) | ||
| ≥60 | 199 (24.0) | 174 (25.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Gender | 1.426 | 0.241 | ||
| Male | 510 (61.5) | 445 (64.5) | ||
| Female | 319 (38.5) | 245 (35.5) | ||
|
| ||||
| BMI | 2.376 | 0.305 | ||
| <18.5 | 59 (7.1) | 53 (7.7) | ||
| 18.5–23.9 | 439 (53.0) | 338 (49.0) | ||
| ≥24 | 331 (39.9) | 299 (43.3) | ||
|
| ||||
| Residence | 176 (21.2) | 131 (19.0) | 1.490 | 0.475 |
| Urban | 187 (22.6) | 152 (22.0) | ||
| Town | 466 (56.2) | 407 (59.0) | ||
| Rural | ||||
|
| ||||
| Occupation | 1.921 | 0.383 | ||
| Office worker | 518 (62.5) | 438 (63.5) | ||
| Housekeeper | 142 (17.1) | 101 (14.6) | ||
| Manual laborer | 169 (20.4) | 151 (21.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Labor intensity | 7.986 | 0.046* | ||
| Rare | 179 (21.6) | 190 (27.5) | ||
| Light | 276 (33.3) | 224 (32.5) | ||
| Medium | 160 (19.3) | 122 (17.7) | ||
| Heavy | 214 (58.2) | 154 (22.3) | ||
|
| ||||
| Work stress | 5.217 | 0.074 | ||
| Light | 463 (55.9) | 424 (61.4) | ||
| Medium | 304 (31.3) | 216 (31.3) | ||
| High | 62 (7.5) | 50 (7.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Educational level | 3.050 | 0.384 | ||
| Illiteracy | 382 (46.1) | 289 (41.9) | ||
| Elementary | 278 (33.5) | 253 (36.7) | ||
| Middle | 92 (11.1) | 85 (12.3) | ||
| College and above | 77 (9.3) | 63 (9.1) | ||
|
| ||||
| Smoking | 5.678 | 0.128 | ||
| Never | 472 (56.9) | 378 (54.8) | ||
| Occasionally | 129 (15.6) | 96 (13.6) | ||
| Usually | 44 (5.3) | 56 (8.1) | ||
| Cessation | 184 (22.2) | 160 (23.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Alcohol | 5.466 | 0.141 | ||
| Never | 277 (33.4) | 260 (37.7) | ||
| Occasionally | 321 (38.7) | 256 (37.1) | ||
| Usually | 105 (12.7) | 66 (9.6) | ||
| Cessation | 126 (15.2) | 108 (15.7) | ||
|
| ||||
| Spicy food preference | 0.834 | 0.361 | ||
| No | 561 (67.7) | 482 (69.9) | ||
| Yes | 268 (32.3) | 208 (30.1) | ||
|
| ||||
| High sodium intake | 4.975 | 0.026* | ||
| No | 403 (48.6) | 375 (54.3) | ||
| Yes | 426 (51.4) | 315 (45.7) | ||
|
| ||||
| High Carbohydrate Diet | 0.627 | 0.429 | ||
| No | 522 (63.0) | 448 (64.9) | ||
| Yes | 307 (37.0) | 242 (35.1) | ||
|
| ||||
| Acidic food preference | 2.525 | 0.112 | ||
| No | 680 (82.0) | 587 (85.1) | ||
| Yes | 149 (18.0) | 103 (14.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Types of edible oil | 1.257 | 0.533 | ||
| Salad oil | 427 (51.5) | 346 (50.1) | ||
| Homemade vegetable oil | 302 (36.4) | 269 (39.0) | ||
| Animal oil | 100 (12.1) | 75 (10.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Animal protein consumption | 6.596 | 0.037* | ||
| 6–7 days/week | 338 (40.8) | 238 (34.5) | ||
| 4–5 days/week | 266 (32.1) | 237 (34.3) | ||
| <3 days/week | 225 (27.1) | 215 (31.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Fatty or lean meat preference | 6.215 | 0.045* | ||
| Lean meat | 282 (33.9) | 330 (47.8) | ||
| Half and half | 315 (38.1) | 110 (15.9) | ||
| Fat meat | 232 (28.0) | 250 (36.3) | ||
|
| ||||
| Vegetables | 11.368 | 0.003* | ||
| 6–7 days/week | 344 (41.5) | 297 (43.0) | ||
| 4–5 days/week | 257 (31.0) | 164 (23.8) | ||
| <3 days/week | 228 (27.5) | 229 (33.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Pickled foods | 20.892 | 0.000* | ||
| Little | 74 (8.9) | 85 (12.3) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 312 (37.6) | 294 (42.6) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 234 (28.2) | 199 (28.8) | ||
| >3 times/week | 209 (25.2) | 112 (16.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Animal giblets | 3.089 | 0.378 | ||
| Little | 260 (31.4) | 237 (34.3) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 438 (52.8) | 360 (52.2) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 79 (9.5) | 51 (7.4) | ||
| >3 times/week | 52 (6.3) | 42 (6.1) | ||
| Dried fruits | 1.832 | 0.608 | ||
|
| ||||
| Little | 155 (18.7) | 126 (18.3) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 438 (52.8) | 370 (53.6) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 168 (20.3) | 149 (21.6) | ||
| >3 times/week | 68 (8.2) | 45 (6.5) | ||
|
| ||||
| Soy bean products | 2.833 | 0.418 | ||
| Little | 57 (6.9) | 46 (6.7) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 343 (41.4) | 283 (41.0) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 330 (39.8) | 259 (37.5) | ||
| >3 times/week | 99 (11.9) | 102 (14.8) | ||
|
| ||||
| Water drinking habits | 6.138 | 0.046* | ||
| Drink whenever thirsty | 194 (23.4) | 126 (16.3) | ||
| After meal | 470 (56.7) | 423 (52.8) | ||
| Drink at any time | 165 (19.9) | 141 (20.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Fluid intake | 26.825 | 0.000* | ||
| <1000 ml/day | 281 (33.9) | 165 (23.9) | ||
| 1000–3000 ml/day | 306 (36.9) | 246 (35.7) | ||
| >3000 ml/day | 242 (29.2) | 279 (40.4) | ||
|
| ||||
| Milk | 4.551 | 0.208 | ||
| Little | 306 (36.9) | 267 (38.7) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 313 (37.8) | 280 (40.6) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 131 (15.8) | 88 (12.8) | ||
| >3 times/week | 79 (9.5) | 55 (8.0) | ||
|
| ||||
| Coffee | 1.589 | 0.452 | ||
| Little | 713 (86.0) | 601 (87.1) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 82 (9.9) | 69 (10.0) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 34 (2.9) | 20 (2.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Tea | 6.398 | 0.041* | ||
| >3 times/week | 399 (47.5) | 294 (42.6) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 224 (22.4) | 188 (27.2) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 206 (24.8) | 208 (30.1) | ||
|
| ||||
| Tea concentration | 9.402 | 0.024* | ||
| Strong | 282 (34.0) | 189 (27.4) | ||
| Medium | 165 (19.9) | 144 (20.9) | ||
| Light | 176 (21.2) | 149 (21.6) | ||
|
| ||||
| Overnight tea | 6.073 | 0.108 | ||
| >3 times/week | 109 (13.1) | 83 (12.0) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 205 (24.7) | 148 (21.4) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 309 (37.4) | 251 (36.4) | ||
|
| ||||
| Carbonated beverages | 1.436 | 0.488 | ||
| Little | 390 (47.0) | 342 (49.6) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 283 (34.1) | 216 (31.3) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 156 (18.8) | 132 (19.1) | ||
|
| ||||
| Juice beverages | 0.484 | 0.785 | ||
| Little | 396 (47.8) | 322 (46.7) | ||
| ≤3 times/month | 297 (35.8) | 259 (37.5) | ||
| ≥1 time/week | 136 (16.4) | 109 (15.8) | ||
|
| ||||
| Physical exercise frequency | 9.404 | 0.024* | ||
| 6–7 days/week | 149 (18.0) | 116 (16.8) | ||
| 4–5 days/week | 183 (22.1) | 173 (25.1) | ||
| <3 days/week | 242 (29.2) | 232 (33.6) | ||
| Never | 255 (30.8) | 169 (24.5) | ||
|
| ||||
| Types of physical exercise | 9.236 | 0.100 | ||
| Running | 55 (6.6) | 42 (6.1) | ||
| Walking | 303 (36.6) | 290 (42.0) | ||
| Dancing or boxing | 105 (12.7) | 95 (13.8) | ||
| Ball games | 68 (8.2) | 53 (7.7) | ||
| Others | 43 (5.2) | 41 (5.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Duration of exercise per day | 8.235 | 0.040* | ||
| <30 min | 125 (15.1) | 129 (18.7) | ||
| 30–60 min | 296 (35.7) | 284 (41.2) | ||
| >60 min | 153 (18.5) | 108 (15.7) | ||
*
P<0.05.
Numbers may not add up to the total number of participants due to missing values.