Table 1.

Maternal conditions that pose prenatal /intrapartum risk and their effects on newborns

Prenatal risk	Effect on the newborn
Maternal diabetes	Hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, macrosomia, cardiomyopathy
Rh incompatibility	Anemic, hydropic birth
Decreased intrauterine movements	Hypotonic baby
Preeclampsia-eclampsia	Premature delivery, hypoxic birth
Multiple pregnancy	Premature delivery, IUGR, hypoxic birth
Postterm delivery	Birth trauma, hypoxic birth, MAS
Polyhydramnios	Esophageal atresia
Oligohydramnios	Renal anomalies, lung hypoplasia
Premature rupture of membranes	Early sepsis
Maternal age <19 or >35 years	Intrauterine growth retardation, chromosomal disorders, hypoxic birth
Presence of significant fetal malformation or	Hypoxic birth, apneic, dyspneic or hypotonic baby,
congenital heart anomaly on fetal ultrasonography	baby born arrhythmic
Unmonitored pregnancy	Anything can happen
Fetal bradycardia	Hypoxic birth
Observation of meconium on fetal ultrasonography	Hypoxic birth, MAS
Maternal chorioamnionitis	Premature delivery, early sepsis, fetal inflammatory response
Intrapartum risks	Effect on the newborn
Rapid labor	Intracranial hemorrhage
Prolapsus/entanglement of the umbilical cord	Hypoxic birth
Premature separation of the placenta	Hypoxic birth, premature delivery
Suddenly developing fetal bradycardia (<60/min)	Hypoxic birth
Forceps/vacuum delivery	Birth trauma, cephalic hematoma, caput succedaneum
Maternal fever	Fetal tachycardia, respiratory depression at birth
Administration of narcotic analgesic 4 hours before delivery	Baby born depressed with no respiratory effort

IUGR: intrauterine growth retardation; MAS: meconium aspiration syndrome