Table 4.

Indications for placental histopathological examination

Maternal diseases with potential fetal effects	Preterm or postterm delivery
Hemorrhage in the third trimester or postpartum hemorrhage	Peripartum fever or infection
Severe oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios	Thick meconium
Invasive intervention where placental injury is suspected	Intrauterine fetal treatment
History of exposure to drug or toxin	Maternal trauma
Prolonged premature rupture of membranes	Stillbirth or neonatal death
Placenta previa or abruptio placenta	Maternal death
Depressed newborn	Hydrops fetalis
Multiple pregnancy (including ‘vanishing twin’)	Neonatal convulsion
Small or large for gestational age newborns	Umbilical cord anomaly
Congenital anomaly	Neonatal hematologic problems
Placental anomaly