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. 2019 Jun 14;10:2651. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10546-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Patterns of caste-biased expression in pharaoh ants and honey bees. The number of differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.1) between (a) queens and workers and (b) nurses and foragers at each developmental stage or tissue in ants (left) and honey bees (right). “Head”, “thorax”, and “abdomen” refer to body segments of adults, while “pupa” and “larva” refer to whole bodies. “No ortholog” refers to genes for which no 1:1 ortholog exists (either due to apparent duplication or complete lack or orthology), “not shared caste/task bias” refers to genes for which 1:1 orthologs can be identified but are only differentially expressed in one species, and “shared caste/task” bias refers to genes for which 1:1 orthologs are differentially expressed in both species. Insets show the proportion of each category of gene out of all differentially expressed genes at that stage or tissue. c Proportion of abdominal DEGs by estimated evolutionary age (shading). “Shared queen/worker” indicates genes upregulated in queen or workers of both species. *: the category “larva” represents differential expression across larvae of all stages for which caste can be identified (second to fifth larval stage). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Photos were taken by Luigi Pontieri (pharaoh ants) and Alex Wild (honey bees)