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. 2019 Jun 14;10:2651. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10546-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Genes with shared queen-biased expression are core network elements related to reproduction. Abdominal caste bias (log₂ fold-change queen versus worker) is correlated with connectivity within the queen-abdomen module in (a) ants (Spearman correlation; rho = 0.536, P < 0.001) and (b) honey bees (Spearman correlation; rho = 0.617, P < 0.001). Genes upregulated in queens are in red, while genes upregulated in workers are in blue. Connectivity is proportional to the most highly connected gene in the module. Connectivity within the queen abdominal module is higher for genes found in the module for both species (shared) versus genes found in the module for only one species (not shared) in (c) ants and (d) honey bees. Middle line represents median values, outer edges of boxplot represent upper and lower quartiles, and whiskers represent a deviation of 1.5*(interquartile range) from the upper and lower quartiles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. ***P < 0.001 (Wilcoxon test). Photos were taken by Luigi Pontieri (pharaoh ant) and Alex Wild (honey bee)