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. 2019 Jun 14;10:2651. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10546-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Evolutionary and network features of caste-biased genes. Genes that exhibit more caste bias across tissues and developmental stages have younger estimated evolutionary ages (a, b) and tend to be loosely connected (c, d; Spearman correlation; ant: rho = −0.159, P < 0.001; honey bee: rho = −0.090, P < 0.001) and rapidly evolving (e, f; Spearman correlation; ant: rho = 0.157, P < 0.001; honey bee: rho = 0.240, P < 0.001). Overall caste bias combines queen/worker log₂ fold-change values across all development stages and adult body segments. Connectivity is calculated using all samples and genes and scaled proportionally to the highest value. In a and b, middle line represents median values, outer edges of boxplot represent upper and lower quartiles, and whiskers represent a deviation of 1.5*(interquartile range) from the upper and lower quartiles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Photos were taken by Luigi Pontieri (pharaoh ant) and Alex Wild (honey bee)