Table 1.

Phenomena of “infection against infection”

Categories	Interspecies antagonism	Patterns of antagonism	Intensity of antagonism	References
Between Parasites and parasites	Heterorhabditis baujardi against Fasciola hepaticac;	Inhibiting transmission	66.66%	[12]
	H. baujardi against F. giganticac;	Inhibiting transmission	66.66%	[12]
	Angiostrongylus cantonensis against Schistosoma mansonic;	Inhibiting transmission	12.45%	[13]
	Trichinella spiralis against Plasmodium bergheic;	Decreasing parasitaemia	47.50%	[15]
	Ascaris lumbricoides against P. falciparuma,d;	Attenuating symptoms	24.00%	[16]
	Trichuris trichiura against	Attenuating symptoms	27.50%	[17]
	P. falciparum d	Decreasing parasitaemia	28.00%	[18, 19]
	S. haematobium against P. falciparuma	Attenuating symptoms	76.00%	[20]
	S. mansoni against P. knowlesi;	Inhibiting propagation	88.82%	[21]
	S. mansoni against P. yoeliia;	Inhibiting propagation	31.70%	[22]
	Litomosoides sigmodontis against P. berghei;	Inhibiting propagation	22.00%	[23]
	Trichostrongylus colubriformis against Haemonchus contortus;	Decreasing parasitaemia	74.07%	[24]
	Babesia microti against P. cynomolgi
Between Parasites and bacteria	Enterobacter amnigenus against P. vivax c;	Inhibiting transmission	94.37%	[25]
	Enterobacter cloacae against P. vivax c;	Inhibiting transmission	83.10%	[25]
	Serratia marcescens against P. vivax c;	Inhibiting transmission	98.59%	[25]
	Ewingella americana against P. falciparum c;	Inhibiting transmission	38.00%	[26]
	Salmonella typhimurium against Schistosoma;	Decreasing parasitaemia and attenuating symptoms	56.82%,	[27]
	Giardia muris against Citrobacter rodentium;	Inhibiting propagation	42.86%	[28]
	Wolbachia (wMelPop strain) against P. falciparum c;	Decreasing parasitaemia	46.78%	[29]
	Wolbachia (wMelPop strain) against P. berghei c;	Decreasing parasitaemia	33.00%	[11]
	Wolbachia (wMelPo strain) against P. gallinaceum c	Inhibiting propagation	79.50%	[30]
			80.00%
Between Parasites and Viruses	Plasmodium against chikungunya virus;	Attenuating symptoms	39.50%	[31, 32]
	Heligmosomoides polygyrus against respiratory syncytial virus;	Attenuating symptoms	42.06%	[33]
	Echinoparyphium against ranavirus	Decreasing viral loads	23.50%	[34]

^aContradictory results

^bAntagonism between different strains of P. berghei

^cLaboratory conditions

^dConditions in human population