Table 3.
Prevalence of MM according to different definitions and the participants’ characteristics
| Study sample (n = 1625) | Multimorbidity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cut-off 2+ | Cut-off 3+ | |||||
| MM2_SR | MM2_Adm | MM2_either | MM3_SR | MM3_Adm | MM3_either | |
| 86.7% (n = 1409) | 81.8% (n = 1330) | 95.9% (n = 1558) | 72.9% (n = 1184) | 61.9% (n = 1006) | 89.2% (n = 1449) | |
| Relative % difference | 5.6% | 15.1% | ||||
| Relative % increase | 10.6% | 22.4% | ||||
| Cochran’s Q test | 220.95 p < .001 | 483.24 p < .001 | ||||
| Gender | ||||||
| M | 83.2% | 81.8% | 95.0% | 69.2% | 61.4% | 87.2% |
| F | 89.4% | 81.9% | 96.5% | 75.7% | 62.3% | 90.7% |
| p < 0.001 | p = 0.980 | p = 0.133 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.693 | p = 0.027 | |
| Age groups | ||||||
| 65–69 | 80.6% | 77.8% | 93.0% | 66.9% | 54.1% | 83.1% |
| 70–74 | 89.3% | 81.4% | 95.7% | 74.3% | 62.3% | 91.1% |
| 75–79 | 89.5% | 85.6% | 98.5% | 77.2% | 67.1% | 92.2% |
| 80–84 | 89.2% | 86.5% | 98.4% | 75.7% | 69.7% | 95.1% |
| 85–89 | 92.9% | 85.7% | 98.6% | 77.1% | 71.4% | 91.4% |
| 90 and + | 100.0% | 80.0% | 100.0% | 90.0% | 70.0% | 90.0% |
| p = 0.001 | p = 0.033 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.006 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
| Education (in years) | ||||||
| < 7 | 90,0% | 84.6% | 97.3% | 79,0% | 69.4% | 91.9% |
| 8–12 | 87.1% | 81.4% | 95.8% | 72.7% | 59.4% | 89.9% |
| ≥ 13 | 83.5% | 80.3% | 94.8% | 68.1% | 59.4% | 85.9% |
| p = 0.014 | p = 0.221 | p = 0.169 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.009 | |
| Income | ||||||
| 0–25,000 | 90.8% | 83.2% | 96.9% | 80.4% | 65.4% | 93.2% |
| ≥ 25,000 | 84.6% | 81.1% | 95.3% | 69.0% | 60.1% | 87.1% |
| p < 0.001 | p = 0.293 | p = 0.122 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.037 | p < 0.001 | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| With partner | 84.6% | 82.2% | 95.2% | 70.8% | 61.4% | 87.7% |
| Without | 90.4% | 81.2% | 97.0% | 76.5% | 62.9% | 91.8% |
| p = 0.001 | p = 0.595 | p = 0.091 | p = 0.013 | p = 0.549 | p = 0.011 | |
| Perceived mental health | ||||||
| Excellent/very good | 83.5% | 79.5% | 95,0% | 68.2% | 58.8% | 86.9% |
| Good | 93.1% | 87,0% | 97.7% | 81.8% | 68.5% | 93.9% |
| Fair/poor | 97.1% | 88.5% | 99,0% | 89.4% | 71.2% | 96.2% |
| p < 0.001 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.012 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
| Perceived physical health | ||||||
| Excellent/very good | 79.2% | 75.8% | 93.5% | 60.8% | 52.3% | 83.8% |
| Good | 94.8% | 87.2% | 98.5% | 83.8% | 68.7% | 94.2% |
| Fair/poor | 97.7% | 93.1% | 99.2% | 94.6% | 82.7% | 98.5% |
| p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 85.9% | 79.5% | 95.3% | 69.2% | 58,0% | 88.5% |
| Former | 86.5% | 83.8% | 96.2% | 75.0% | 65.4% | 89.4% |
| Current | 91.4% | 80.0% | 96.4% | 75.7% | 57.9% | 90.7% |
| p = 0.212 | p = 0.096 | p = 0.646 | p = 0.031 | p = 0.009 | p = 0.702 | |
| Social support (mean ± SD) | 2.82 (0.51)a | 2.83 (0.48)a | 2.82 (0.51)a | 2.80 (0.53)a | 2.82 (0.51)a | 2.82 (0.52)a |
| p = 0.221 | p = 0.259 | p = 0.959 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.483 | p = 0.035 | |
| Number of outpatient visits (mean ± SD) | 27.04 (23.48)a | 28.58 (23.63)a | 26.28 (22.83)a | 28.84 (24.61)a | 32.21 (25.42)a | 27.31 (23.24)a |
| p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
| Number of ED visits (mean ± SD) | 1.36 (2.18)a | 1.44 (2.21)a | 1.30 (2.11)a | 1.47 (2.28)a | 1.72 (2.41)a | 1.37 (2.17)a |
| p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
| Number of hospitalizations (mean ± SD) | 0.49 (1.04)a | 0.52 (1.06)a | 0.46 (1.01)a | 0.53 (1.10)a | 0.65 (1.18)a | 0.48 (1.03)a |
| p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.003 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Abbreviations: ED Emergency department, MM Multimorbidity, SD Standard deviation
aCompared to those without MM (any definition)