Table 2.
Associations of the prevalence of anemia (defined as a hemoglobin concentration < 140 g/ in men and < 130 g/L in women) in the Ural Eye and Medical Study, after adjusting for gender and age
| Parameter | P-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban / rural region of habitation | 0.38 | ||
| Family status: Married / Unmarried / Divorced / Widowed / Missing | 0.008 | 1.08 | 1.02, 1.14 |
| Family status: Married versus any other status | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.72, 0.96 |
| Family type: Joint (three generations) / nuclear (two generations) / single / family of 2 people | 0.20 | ||
| Religion: Muslim / Christian / Other | 0.17 | ||
| Religion: Muslim / any other religion | 0.07 | 1.12 | 0.99, 1.28 |
| Ethnicity: Russian / any other ethnicity | 0.16 | ||
| Body height (cm) | 0.13 | ||
| Body weight (kg) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96, 0.98 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
| Hip circumference cm) | 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.997 |
| Waist-Hip-Ratio | < 0.001 | 0.18 | 0.08, 0.38 |
| Socioeconomic parameters | |||
| Level of education | 0.11 | ||
| Monthly Income (Below poverty line / average / above average / high) | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.77, 0.99 |
| Own ownership of house (yes / no) | 0.08 | 0.87 | 0.74, 1.02 |
| Own ownership of refrigerator (yes / no) | 0.10 | 0.45 | 0.18, 1.15 |
| Own ownership of second house (yes / no) | 0.007 | 0.72 | 0.58, 0.91 |
| Own ownership of telephone (yes / no) | 0.79 | ||
| Own ownership of smartphone (yes / no) | 0.39 | ||
| Own ownership of television set (yes / no) | 0.60 | ||
| Own ownership of car (yes / no) | 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.60, 0.87 |
| Own ownership of two-wheeler (yes / no) | 0.66 | ||
| Own ownership of tractor (yes / no) | 0.10 | 1.47 | 0.93, 2.31 |
| Own ownership of bullock cart (yes / no) | 0.62 | ||
| Own ownership of computer (yes / no) | < 0.001 | 0.71 | 0.59, 0.86 |
| Physical activity | |||
| How long is your usual work day? (Minutes) | 0.79 | ||
| Does your work involve mostly sitting or standing with less than 10 min of walking at a time? (Yes / No) | 0.97 | ||
| Does your work involve physically vigorous activity (like heavy lifting or digging) or physically moderate intensity activity (like brisk walking or carrying light loads) (Yes / No) | 0.38 | ||
| How many days a week do you do such physically vigorous activity during work? (Yes / No) | 0.67 | ||
| On a usual day how much time do you spend on such physically vigorous work during work? (Minutes) | 0.96 | ||
| Does your work involve physically moderate-intensive activity, like brisk walking or carrying light loads for at least 10 min at a time? | 0.96 | ||
| In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your work? | 0.10 | ||
| Per mean day including all days of the week, how much time do you spend with physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your work? | 0.59 | ||
| Do you walk or use a bicycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 min continuously to get to and from places? | 0.52 | ||
| In a typical week, on how many days do you walk or bicycle for at least 10 min to go to and from places? | 0.44 | ||
| How much time do you spend walking or bicycling for travel in a day? | 0.54 | ||
| Does your recreation, sport or leisure time involve mostly sitting, reclining or standing activities, with no physical activity lasting more than 10 min at a time? | 0.53 | ||
| In your leisure time, do you do any physically vigorous activities like running, strenuous sports or weight lifting for at least 10 min at a time? | 0.52 | ||
| If yes, In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically vigorous activities as part of your leisure time? | 0.62 | ||
| How much time do you spend on physically vigorous activities as part of your leisure time on a typical day? | 0.28 | ||
| In your leisure time, do you do any moderate intensity activities like brisk walking, cycling or swimming for at least 10 min at a time? | 0.97 | ||
| In a typical week, on how many days do you do physically moderate to intensive activities as part of your leisure time? | 0.76 | ||
| How much time do you spend on physically moderate to intensive activities per day of week during your leisure time? (Minutes) | 0.63 | ||
| Over the past 7 days, how much time did you spend sitting or reclining on a typical day? | 0.15 | ||
| History of diseases | |||
| History of arterial hypertension | 0.002 | 0.81 | 0.71, 0.93 |
| History of arthritis | 0.11 | ||
| History of low back pain | 0.11 | ||
| History of thoracic spine pain | 0.34 | ||
| History of neck pain | 0.94 | ||
| History of headache | 0.53 | ||
| History of therapy of hyperlipidemia | 0.55 | ||
| History of cancer | 0.94 | ||
| History of cardiovascular disorders including stroke | 0.91 | ||
| History of dementia | 0.67 | ||
| History of diabetes mellitus | 0.88 | ||
| History of diarrhea | 0.35 | ||
| History of bone fracture | 0.18 | ||
| History of heart attack | 0.33 | ||
| History of iron-deficiency anemia | < 0.001 | 3.22 | 2.53, 4.10 |
| History of low blood pressure and hospital admittance | 0.12 | ||
| History of osteoarthritis | 0.65 | ||
| History of skin disease | 0.18 | ||
| History of use of steroids | 0.55 | ||
| History of thyreopathy | 0.56 | ||
| History of tumbling | 0.08 | 0.87 | 0.74, 1.02 |
| History of unconsciousness | 0.42 | ||
| Age of the last menstrual bleeding (years) | 0.92 | ||
| Age of last regular menstrual bleeding (years) | 0.67 | ||
| History of menopause | < 0.001 | 0.48 | 0.38, 0.62 |
| Blood concentrations (mmol/L) of: | |||
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 0.003 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.997 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 0.02 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.999 |
| Bilirubin, total (μmol/L) | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.88 | ||
| Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.89, 0.99 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | < 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.72, 0.88 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | < 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.88, 0.95 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.46 | ||
| Rheumatoid factor (IU/mL) | 0.001 | 1.10 | 1.04, 1.17 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm / hour) | < 0.001 | 1.07 | 1.06, 1.08 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.28 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 0.001 | 1.004 | 1.002, 1.007 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.03, 1.12 |
| Residual nitrogen (g/L) | 0.09 | 2.06 | 0.89, 4.76 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 0.004 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.996 |
| International normalized ratio (INR) | 0.09 | 1.44 | 0.95, 2.19 |
| Blood clotting time (minutes) | < 0.001 | 9.35 | 7.90, 11.1 |
| Prothrombin time (%) | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.99, 1.00 |
| Erythrocytes (106 cells / μL) | < 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000, 0.001 |
| Leukocytes (109 cells / L) | < 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.86, 0.94 |
| Rod-core granulocyte (% of leukocytes) | < 0.001 | 1.45 | 1.39, 1.51 |
| Segment nuclear granulocyte (% of leukocytes) | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.94, 0.95 |
| Eosinophil granulocytes (% of leukocytes) | < 0.001 | 1.22 | 1.14, 1.29 |
| Lymphocytes (% of leukocytes) | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.02, 1.03 |
| Monocytes (% of leukocytes) | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.03, 1.08 |
| Blood pressure, systolic (mmHg) | 0.01 | 0.996 | 0.993, 0.999 |
| Blood pressure, diastolic (mmHg) | < 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.98, 0.99 |
| Blood pressure, mean (mmHg) | 0.003 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.996 |
| Ankle-brachial index, right side | 0.17 | ||
| Ankle-brachial index, left side | 0.07 | 1.51 | 0.97, 2.22 |
| Medical Doctor seen within the last year | 0.91 | ||
| Diet | |||
| Vegetarian diet / mixed diet | 0.74 | ||
| Number of meals per day | 0.51 | ||
| In a week how many days do you eat fruits? | 0.46 | ||
| How many servings of fruit do you take on one of those days (g) | 0.77 | ||
| In a week how many days do you eat vegetables? | 0.35 | ||
| How many servings of vegetables do you eat on one of those days (gram)? | 0.52 | ||
| Type of oil used for cooking: vegetable oil / non-vegetable oil | 0.63 | ||
| Food containing whole grains (Yes / No) | 0.52 | ||
| Salt consumed per day (g) | 0.71 | ||
| Degree of processing of meat (weak / medium / well done) | 0.47 | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Do you currently smoke any tobacco products? (yes) | 0.39 | ||
| Do you smoke daily? (yes / no) | 0.40 | ||
| How old were you when you first started smoking? (years) | 0.95 | ||
| Have you stopped smoking? (yes / no) | 0.81 | ||
| How many cigarettes do smoke each day? (0 / ≤10 / 11–20 / 21–30 / > 30) | 0.55 | ||
| Package years (package = 20 cigarettes) | 0.51 | ||
| Do you use smokeless tobacco (snuff, chewing tobacco)? | 0.99 | ||
| If yes, daily? (yes / no) | 0.66 | ||
| How much time after awakening do you smoke the first cigarette of the day? (< 5 min / 6–30 min. / 31–60 min. / > 60 min.) | 0.009 | 0.76 | 0.62, 0.93 |
| Difficult to refrain from smoking in forbidden places? (yes / no) | 0.99 | ||
| Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking than during the rest of the day? (yes / no) | 0.93 | ||
| Do you smoke when you ill? (yes / no) | 0.34 | ||
| Alcohol | |||
| Alcohol consumed such as beer, whisky, rum, gin brandy or other local products? (yes / no) | 0.13 | ||
| Age when you first started to drink alcohol? | 0.24 | ||
| Did you stop drinking alcohol and are you still completely abstinent? | 0.87 | ||
| Age when you stopped drinking alcohol? | 0.82 | ||
| How many alcoholic drinks do you have on a typical day when you are drinking) | 0.52 | ||
| How often do you have 6 or more drinks on one occasion? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.49 | ||
| How often during the last year have you found that you were not able to stop drinking once you had started? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.003 | 1.63 | 1.19, 2.25 |
| How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected from you because of drinking? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.02 | 1.55 | 1.08, 2.24 |
| How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.16 | ||
| How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.01 | 1.45 | 1.10, 1.92 |
| How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the last night? (never / rarely / sometimes / often / cannot say) | 0.26 | ||
| Have you or someone else has been injured as a result of your drinking? | 0.19 | ||
| Has a relative, friend or a doctor or another health worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you to drink less? | 0.22 | ||
| Hearing loss | |||
| Do you experience the hearing loss (no / sometimes / yes) | 0.002 | 1.06 | 1.02, 1.10 |
| Does a hearing problem cause you to feel embarrassed when meeting new people? (no / sometimes / yes) | 0.02 | 1.06 | 1.01, 1.12 |
| Does a hearing problem cause you to feel frustrated when talking to members of your family? (no / sometimes / yes) | 0.07 | 1.05 | 1.00, 1.10 |
| Do you have difficulties in hearing when someone speaks in a whisper tone? (no / sometimes / yes) | 0.04 | 1.05 | 1.002, 1.10 |
| Do you feel handicapped by a hearing problem? (no / sometimes / yes) | 0.07 | 1.06 | 0.996, 1.12 |
| Does a hearing problem cause you difficulties when visiting friends, relatives, or neighbors? | 0.09 | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.11 |
| Does a hearing problem cause you to attend religious services less often than you would like? | 0.04 | 1.07 | 1.003, 1.14 |
| Does a hearing problem cause you to have arguments with family members? | 0.29 | ||
| Does a hearing problem cause you to have difficulties when listening to TV or radio? | 0.08 | 1.05 | 1.00, 1.10 |
| Do you feel any difficulty with your hearing limits hampering your personal or social life? | 0.04 | 1.07 | 1.003, 1.13 |
| Does a hearing problem cause you difficulties when in a restaurant with relatives or friends? | 0.04 | 1.07 | 1.003, 1.14 |
| Hearing Loss Total Score | 0.02 | 1.01 | 1.001, 1.01 |
| Webers test (> right eye / > left eye / equal) | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.67, 0.96 |
| Rinne test right ear (positive) | 0.62 | ||
| Rinne test left ear (positive) | 0.56 | ||
| Depression | |||
| I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me. | 0.22 | ||
| I did not feel like eating, my appetite was poor | 0.045 | 1.15 | 1.003, 1.31 |
| I felt that I could not shake off the blues, even with the help from family and friends | 0.61 | ||
| I felt that I was just as good as other people | 0.18 | ||
| I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing | 0.28 | ||
| I felt depressed | 0.91 | ||
| I felt that everything I did was an effort | 0.41 | ||
| I felt hopeful about the future | 0.36 | ||
| I thought my life had been a failure | 0.80 | ||
| I felt fearful | 0.49 | ||
| My sleep was restless | 0.18 | ||
| I was happy | 0.52 | ||
| I talked less than usual | 0.22 | ||
| I felt lonely | 0.75 | ||
| People were unfriendly | 0.05 | 1.17 | 1.00, 1.36 |
| I enjoyed life | 0.45 | ||
| I had crying spells | 0.24 | ||
| I felt sad | 0.97 | ||
| I felt that people dislike me | 0.92 | ||
| I could not get “going” | 0.06 | 1.15 | 0.9971.33 |
| Depression score (adapted) | 0.46 | ||
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | |||
| I feel pleasant | 0.40 | ||
| I tire quickly | 0.85 | ||
| I feel like crying | 0.35 | ||
| I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be | 0.91 | ||
| I am losing out on things because I can’t make up my mind soon enough | 0.04 | 1.16 | 1.01, 1.34 |
| I feel rested | 0.20 | ||
| I am calm, cool and collected | 0.83 | ||
| I feel that difficulties are piling up so that I can’t overcome them | 0.09 | 1.13 | 0.98, 1.30 |
| I worry too much over something that really doesn’t matter | 0.33 | ||
| I am happy | 0.96 | ||
| I am inclined to take things hard | 0.30 | ||
| I lack self-confidence | 0.77 | ||
| I feel safe | 0.43 | ||
| I try to avoid facing a crises or difficulty | 0.23 | ||
| I feel blue | 0.20 | ||
| I am content | 0.26 | ||
| Some unimportant thoughts run through my mind and bother me | 0.11 | ||
| I take disappointments so keenly that I can’t put them out of my mind | 0.83 | ||
| I am a steady person | 0.68 | ||
| I get in a state of tension or turmoil as I think over my recent concerns and interests | 0.42 | ||
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Score (adapted) | 0.73 | ||
| I attempted suicide due to financial reasons then | 0.51 | ||
| Have you thought of committing suicide in the last 6 months or earlier? | 0.46 | ||
| I thоught of suicide | 0.31 | ||
| I thоught of suicide due to financial reasons then | 0.67 | ||
| Dynamometry | |||
| Manual dynamometry, right hand (dekaNewton) | < 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.99 |
| Manual dynamometry, left hand (dekaNewton) | < 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.99 |