Table 2.
Unadjusted Log-OR (Frequency) | Unadjusted Log-OR (Duration) | Unadjusted Log-OR (Frequency and Duration) | Adjusted Log-OR | Adjusted Log-OR (Month Fixed Effects) | Adjusted Log-OR (Month and District Fixed Effects) | Adjusted Log-OR (Month and District Fixed Effects and Interaction Term) | Adjusted Log-OR (Month and District Fixed Effects and Antenatal Visits) | Adjusted Log-OR (Month and District Fixed Effects and Electrified) | Adjusted Log-OR (Month and District Fixed Effects and Duration/Frequency) | |
Frequency Index | −0.035* | −0.034* | −0.012 | −0.020 | −0.021* | −0.011 | −0.036* | −0.021 | −0.010 | |
(-0.047,–0.024) | (-0.046,–0.023) | (−0.028, 0.006) | (−0.040, 0.001) | (-0.042,–0.0002) | (−0.052, 0.035) | (-0.06,–0.01) | (−0.044, 0.001) | (−0.054, 0.035) | ||
Duration Index | 0.003* | 0.001 | 0.00 | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.001 | −0.006* | −0.002 | 0.0007 | |
(0.0001, 0.0052) | (−0.002, 0.003) | (−0.003, 0.002) | (−0.006, 0.003) | (−0.006, 0.002) | (−0.006, 0.005) | (−0.011, 0) | (−0.006, 0.002) | (−0.006, 0.005) | ||
Frequency Index x Duration Index | −0.0001 | |||||||||
(-1.706,–0.268) | ||||||||||
Duration Index/Frequency Index | −0.0001 | |||||||||
(−0.001, 0) | ||||||||||
Urban | 0.446* | 0.456* | 0.428* | 0.429* | 0.426* | 0.438* | 0.439* | |||
(0.232, 0.656) | (0.249, 0.678) | (0.200, 0.667) | (0.219, 0.668) | (0.146, 0.743) | (0.194, 0.7) | (0.243, 0.682) | ||||
Antenatal Visits | 0.683* | |||||||||
(0.508, 0.88) | ||||||||||
Electrified: No electricity access | −0.236* | −0.238* | ||||||||
(-0.441,–0.023) | (-0.487,–0.007) | |||||||||
Linear Monthly Time Trend | 0.017* | 0.016* | 0.016* | 0.016* | 0.016* | 0.016* | 0.016* | |||
(0.0110, 0.024) | (0.009, 0.022) | (0.009, 0.023) | (0.008, 0.022) | (0.008, 0.025) | (0.01, 0.024) | (0.009, 0.023) | ||||
Month Fixed Effects | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
District Fixed Effects | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 | 9125 |
Bootstrapped 95% CIs are reported in parentheses.
Included in the models but not shown in the tables are wealth index, mother’s education, mother’s age, parity, and religion. The full results are available from the authors upon request.
*Denotes statistical significance at the 5% level.