Table 4.
Full Sample | Rural households | Urban households | Electrified households | Non-electrified households | Low-wealth households | High-wealth households | |
Frequency Index | −0.028* | −0.018 | −0.05* | −0.031* | 0.001 | −0.022 | −0.045* |
(-0.05,–0.007) | (−0.042, 0.008) | (-0.095,–0.004) | (-0.054,–0.01) | (−0.059, 0.068) | (−0.054, 0.004) | (-0.089,–0.004) | |
Duration Index | −0.004* | −0.005* | −0.002 | −0.004* | −0.003 | −0.005 | −0.005 |
(−0.008, 0) | (−0.01, 0) | (−0.011, 0.006) | (−0.009, 0) | (−0.018, 0.009) | (−0.01, 0) | (−0.013, 0.004) | |
Urban | 0.132 | 0.196 | −0.577 | 0.435* | 0.122 | ||
(−0.065, 0.332) | (−0.021, 0.433) | (−1.442, 0.188) | (0.11, 0.819) | (−0.258, 0.51) | |||
Electrified: No electricity access | −0.263* | −0.196 | −0.911* | −0.394* | 15.237* | ||
(-0.501,–0.019) | (−0.469, 0.123) | (-1.621,–0.242) | (-0.65,–0.127) | (14.661, 16.604) | |||
Linear Monthly Time Trend | 0.009* | 0.013* | −0.002 | 0.009* | 0.013 | 0.013* | −0.003 |
(0.002, 0.015) | (0.005, 0.02) | (−0.016, 0.013) | (0.002, 0.015) | (−0.005, 0.039) | (0.005, 0.022) | (−0.016, 0.012) | |
Observations | 9125 | 6088 | 3037 | 8472 | 653 | 3647 | 3652 |
Bootstrapped 95% CIs are reported in parentheses.
Included in most models but not shown in the tables are wealth index, mother’s education, mother’s age, parity, and religion. The full results are available from the authors upon request.
All columns include month and district-level dummy variables.
Dependent variable takes a value 1 if a mother received assistance from a doctor, auxiliary nurse, midwife, or other health professional, and 0 otherwise.
*Denotes statistical significance at the 5% level.