Table 4.
Difference (95% confidence interval) in the grip strength z-score at baseline and over 5 years associated with one interquartile range increase in residential surrounding greenness (EVI in the 500 m buffer) or distance to any natural environment stratified by A) sex, B) education, and C) IMD income domain.
| EVI (500 m) |
Distance to any natural environment |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modifier | N | IQR | Baseline | 5-year difference | P-int | IQR | Baseline | 5-year difference | P-int |
| A) Sex | |||||||||
| Men | 3753 | 0.16 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.11 | 517 m | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00)* | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.01 |
| Women | 1342 | 0.17 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 632 m | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01)* | ||
| B) Education | |||||||||
| ≤ Lower secondary school | 1740 | 0.15 | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | 508 m | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | ||
| Higher secondary school | 1451 | 0.16 | 0.00 (−0.06, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) | 0.55 | 525 m | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.00) | 0.39 |
| ≥ University | 1904 | 0.17 | 0.06 (0.00, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | 618 m | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | ||
| C) IMD income domain | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 (less deprived) | 1913 | 0.14 | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.03) | 413 m | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | ||
| Tertile 2 | 1681 | 0.17 | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.09 | 513 m | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.00) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.33 |
| Tertile 3 (most deprived) | 1695 | 0.14 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | 722 m | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.00) | ||
P-int: the p-value for interaction was assessed by the Wald test comparing the main model to a model including an interaction between the modifier and exposure (modifier × exposure) and an interaction between the modifier, exposure, and age (modifier × exposure × age).
p < 0.05. Note: estimates are from linear mixed effects models adjusted for age, age2, sex, ethnicity, marital status, height, alcohol use, diet, smoking, rurality, education, employment grade, and tertiles of the area IMD employment and income domain.