Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample (N=8895)
| Depressed (n=1443) | Non-depressed (n =7452) | P* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 887 | 61.5 | 5058 | 67.9 | |||
| Hispanic | 153 | 10.6 | 371 | 5.0 | |||
| Black | 317 | 22.0 | 1525 | 20.5 | |||
| Other | 82 | 5.7 | 477 | 6.4 | |||
| Unknown | 4 | 0.3 | 21 | 0.3 | |||
| Education | <0.0001 | ||||||
| ≤High school | 540 | 37.4 | 2240 | 30.1 | |||
| Some college/ vocational | 590 | 40.9 | 3038 | 40.8 | |||
| 4-year college degree | 98 | 6.8 | 575 | 7.7 | |||
| Postgraduate | 197 | 13.7 | 1549 | 20.8 | |||
| Unknown | 18 | 1.2 | 50 | 0.7 | |||
| Income | <0.0001 | ||||||
| < $50,000 | 1107 | 76.7 | 5221 | 70.1 | |||
| $50,000–$99,999 | 190 | 13.2 | 1486 | 19.9 | |||
| ≥ $100,000 | 25 | 1.7 | 268 | 3.6 | |||
| Unknown | 121 | 8.4 | 477 | 6.4 | |||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Married/ partnered | 661 | 45.8 | 4136 | 55.5 | |||
| Not married/ partnered | 766 | 53.1 | 3275 | 43.9 | |||
| Unknown | 16 | 1.1 | 41 | 0.5 | |||
| Number of comorbid conditions | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 0 | 132 | 9.1 | 930 | 12.5 | |||
| 1 | 350 | 24.3 | 2262 | 30.4 | |||
| ≥2 | 959 | 66.5 | 4246 | 57.0 | |||
| Unknown | 2 | 0.1 | 14 | 0.2 | |||
| Antidepressant medication use | <0.0001 | ||||||
| None | 1144 | 79.3 | 6815 | 91.5 | |||
| Tetracyclics | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |||
| MAO inhibitors | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | |||
| Modified cyclics | 32 | 2.2 | 48 | 0.6 | |||
| SSRIs | 170 | 11.8 | 223 | 3.0 | |||
| Tricyclic agents | 87 | 6.0 | 341 | 4.6 | |||
| Miscellaneous | 10 | 0.7 | 24 | 0.3 | |||
| Mean (SD) | Range | n | Mean (SD) | Range | n | ||
| Age at baseline | 62.9 (7.1) | 50–79 | 1443 | 64.7 (6.8) | 50–79 | 7452 | <0.0001 |
| Social support | 29.6 (9.0) | 9–45 | 1391 | 35.2 (8.1) | 9–45 | 7240 | <0.0001 |
| Optimism | 20.0 (3.9) | 6–30 | 1379 | 22.9 (3.3) | 9–30 | 7236 | <0.0001 |
MAO, monoamine oxidase; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*
P values are for comparisons across depressive symptom groups based on independent samples t-test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables.