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. 2019 May 22;8(5):732. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050732

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The main mechanisms by which substance/drug abuse may decrease testosterone levels and sperm production are: inhibition oh GnRH production/secretion, increase in prolactin levels, inhibition of gonadotropin production/secretion, inhibition of steroidogenesis, increase in testosterone metabolism, oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis. Abbreviations: AAS = anabolic-androgenic steroids, FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone; GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH = luteinizing hormone.