Table 2.

Content analysis themes of 2015–2016 US tweets with illustrative Examples, 2015–2016.

Themes	Example Tweets
Negative Sentiment
Innocuous	▪Can’t Watch The (professional basketball team) Play. These N*ggas Boring AF
Complaints	▪N*ggas don’t bring sh*t but headaches
Insults using derogatory language	▪You bend over backwards for that n*gga you a f*ggot ▪Some girls really need to dye their fkn hair and maintain that weave looking good #sh*tsghetto ▪Stupid a*s ho*s and n*ggas bruh
Generalizations, use of racial slurs in derogatory ways	▪I work like a freaking Mexican ▪I seriously hate when I hear about Desi or Arab mothers preferring lighter skinned brides for their sons. Stop this stupid mentality. ▪Middle Eastern/Arabic accents piss me off more than most things. ▪You can’t use big words around hood n*ggas ▪That gook got so mad he was steamed rice
Hostile tweets, some mentioning violence	▪N*gga gon break his Kneecaps [url] ▪And if they are carrying a Mexican flag in Az. they need to be arrested.
Positive Sentiment
Cultural pride	▪asian at heart, forever ▪mexican anything is the best way to my heart tbh ▪#AskFluffy Why do you love being Mexican?
Food	▪God bless Mexicans and their delicious food <33,343 [url] ▪Mexican food and family can definitely turn a day around ▪We are getting Chinese food for lunch. I repeat. We are getting Chinese food for lunch.
Loyalty within friendships	▪Stil down with my day one n*ggas! ▪Don’t worry bout my n*ggas cuz I gottem ▪I’ll never leave my n*ggas hanging
Denying stereotypes	▪I don’t think I’m ghetto at all..... ▪N*ggas that are locked up are prolly some of the smartest most innovative people on earth ▪Everybody wanna be Haitian now wasn’t like that bout 15 years ago Lol
Intimate Relationships
Appearance	▪damn n*gga you sexy af ▪yall cute little n*gga
Affinity to a particular race	▪Middle eastern men are so fine ▪I’m going to marry a Cuban or Columbian, that’s final ▪Nothing will make me happier than a Hispanic woman I love Jesus but I like Jewish boys”―sh*t Shannon says ▪I love black men.....
Cheating	▪F*ck unfaithful n*gga ▪I’m in love with a n*gga that got endless b*tches
Frustration over behavior of men or women	▪If you trippin over a n*gga, you a weak ho*. Vice versa ▪N*ggas only lie cus females can’t handle the 100% truth ▪Females hurt themselves knowing the same n*gga will hurt them
Sex	▪Some girls think that stuff being given to you is a pass of generosity, when n*ggas want to just catch that p*ssy.
Introspection about own behavior	▪I’m f*cking up by pushing people away and acting like a n*gga ▪Im not in the business of keep a n*gga that aint tryna be kept

When “*” is present, it was inserted by the study team and not part of the original text. Data sources: 1,249,653 geolocated tweets from the 49 contiguous United States collected between April 2015–March 2016.